Animal movement comes in a variety of ‘types’ including small foraging movements, larger one-way dispersive movements, seasonally-predictable round-trip migratory movements, and erratic nomadic movements. Although most individuals move at some point throughout their lives, movement patterns can vary widely across individuals within the same species: differing within an individual over time (intra-individual), among individuals in the same population (inter-individual), or among populations (inter-population). Yet, studies of movement (theoretical and empirical alike) more often focus on understanding ‘typical’ movement patterns than understanding variation in movement. Here, I synthesize current knowledge of movement variation (drawing parallels across species and movement types), describing the causes (what factors contribute to individual variation), patterns (what movement variation looks like), consequences (why variation matters), maintenance (why variation persists), implications (for management and conservation), and finally gaps (what pieces we are currently missing). By synthesizing across scales of variation, I span across work on plasticity, personality, and geographic variation. Individual movement can be driven by factors that act at the individual, population, community and ecosystem level and have ramifications at each of these levels. Generally the consequences of movement are less well understood than the causes, in part because the effects of movement variation are often nested, with variation manifesting at the population level, which in turn affects communities and ecosystems. Understanding both cause and consequence is particularly important for predicting when variation begets variation in a positive feedback loop, versus when a negative feedback causes variation to be dampened successively. Finally, maintaining standing variation in movement may be important for facilitating species’ ability to respond to future environmental change.

中文翻译：

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动物运动个体差异的原因和后果。

动物运动有多种“类型”，包括小型觅食运动、较大的单向分散运动、季节性可预测的往返迁徙运动和不稳定的游牧运动。尽管大多数个体在一生中的某个时刻都会发生移动，但同一物种内个体之间的移动模式可能存在很大差异：随着时间的推移，个体内部（个体内）、同一群体中的个体之间（个体间）或群体之间存在差异。 （人群间）。然而，运动研究（理论和实证）更多地侧重于理解“典型”运动模式，而不是理解运动的变化。在这里，我综合了当前关于运动变异的知识（在物种和运动类型之间进行比较），描述原因（哪些因素导致个体变异）、模式（运动变异是什么样子）、后果（为什么变异很重要）、维持（为什么变化持续存在）、影响（对于管理和保护），最后是差距（我们目前缺少哪些部分）。通过综合不同尺度的变化，我跨越了可塑性、个性和地理变化的工作。个体运动可以由在个体、人口、社区和生态系统层面起作用的因素驱动，并在每个层面产生影响。一般来说，人们对运动的后果的了解不如其原因，部分原因是运动变化的影响往往是嵌套的，变化表现在人口层面，进而影响社区和生态系统。了解原因和结果对于预测何时变化会在正反馈循环中引起变化，以及何时负反馈会导致变化逐渐减弱尤为重要。最后，保持运动的持续变化对于提高物种应对未来环境变化的能力可能很重要。