Humans introduce non-native species by such means as the deliberate release of fish into fresh waters and through the commercial trade. The guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, is commonly used in aquariums and to control disease vectors, and now occurs in many areas outside its natural distribution. We identified where it was initially detected in Brazil, and tested whether the density of records can be explained by the human population density, per-capita gross domestic product, level of human impact on the areas where guppies have been found, and fish-sampling effort. We found 1402 guppy records, identified the southeastern having the oldest records, and the southeastern, northeastern and central-western regions as those with the most guppy records. Low tolerance to the colder climate may explain the lack of guppy records in the southernmost states. We also showed that the occurrence of this fish is positively, yet weakly, related to the human population density, suggesting that improved regulation on its use in controlling disease vectors, on the aquarium trade and education of aquarium hobbyist could help to prevent the spread of this species and its potential impacts in Brazil.

中文翻译：

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巴西孔雀鱼出现的历史分布和当前驱动因素

人类通过故意将鱼类释放到淡水中和通过商业贸易等方式引入非本地物种。孔雀鱼 Poecilia reticulata Peters，1859 年，通常用于水族馆和控制疾病媒介，现在出现在其自然分布以外的许多地区。我们确定了最初在巴西发现的地点，并测试了记录密度是否可以用人口密度、人均国内生产总值、人类对孔雀鱼发现地区的影响程度以及鱼类采样来解释努力。共发现1402条孔雀鱼记录，其中东南部、东北部和中西部地区的孔雀鱼记录最多。对寒冷气候的低耐受性可能解释了最南端各州缺乏孔雀鱼记录的原因。我们还表明，这种鱼的出现与人口密度呈正相关，但与人口密度相关，这表明改进其在控制疾病媒介、水族贸易和水族爱好者教育方面的使用监管有助于防止该鱼的传播。该物种及其在巴西的潜在影响。