The industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a plastic genome with a great flexibility in adaptation to varied conditions of nutrition, temperature, chemistry, osmolarity, and pH in diversified applications. A tolerant strain against 2-furaldehyde (furfural) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) was successfully obtained previously by adaptation through environmental engineering toward development of the next-generation biocatalyst. Using a time-course comparative transcriptome analysis in response to a synergistic challenge of furfural-HMF, here we report tolerance phenotypes of pathway-based transcriptional profiles as components of the adapted defensive system for the tolerant strain NRRL Y-50049. The newly identified tolerance phenotypes were involved in biosynthesis superpathway of sulfur amino acids, defensive reduction-oxidation reaction process, cell wall response, and endogenous and exogenous cellular detoxification. Key transcription factors closely related to these pathway-based components, such as Yap1, Met4, Met31/32, Msn2/4, and Pdr1/3, were also presented. Many important genes in Y-50049 acquired an enhanced transcription background and showed continued increased expressions during the entire lag phase against furfural-HMF. Such signature expressions distinguished tolerance phenotypes of Y-50049 from the innate stress response of its progenitor NRRL Y-12632, an industrial type strain. The acquired yeast tolerance is believed to be evolved in various mechanisms at the genomic level. Identification of legitimate tolerance phenotypes provides a basis for continued investigations on pathway interactions and dissection of mechanisms of yeast tolerance and adaptation at the genomic level.

中文翻译：

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基于途径的特征转录谱作为适应性工业酵母酿酒酵母对糠醛和 HMF 的耐受性表型。

工业酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 具有可塑性基因组，具有极大的灵活性，可以在多种应用中适应各种营养、温度、化学、渗透压和 pH 值条件。先前通过环境工程适应开发下一代生物催化剂，成功获得了耐受 2-糠醛（糠醛）和 5-羟甲基-2-糠醛（HMF）的菌株。使用时间过程比较转录组分析来应对糠醛-HMF 的协同挑战，在这里我们报告了基于途径的转录谱的耐受表型，作为耐受菌株 NRRL Y-50049 的适应性防御系统的组成部分。新发现的耐受表型参与了硫氨基酸的生物合成超级途径，防御性还原-氧化反应过程、细胞壁反应、内源性和外源性细胞解毒。还介绍了与这些基于途径的组件密切相关的关键转录因子，如 Yap1、Met4、Met31/32、Msn2/4 和 Pdr1/3。Y-50049 中的许多重要基因获得了增强的转录背景，并在针对糠醛-HMF 的整个滞后期中表现出持续增加的表达。这种特征表达将 Y-50049 的耐受表型与其祖先 NRRL Y-12632（一种工业型菌株）的先天应激反应区分开来。获得性酵母耐受被认为是在基因组水平的各种机制中进化的。