Externalizing psychopathology in early adolescence is a highly heritable risk factor for drug use, yet how it relates to marijuana use development is not well-characterized. We evaluate this issue in independent twin samples from Colorado (N = 2608) and Minnesota (N = 3630), assessed from adolescence to early adulthood. We used a biometric latent growth model of marijuana use frequency with data from up to five waves of assessment from ages 14 to 30, to examine change in marijuana use and its relationship with a factor model of adolescent externalizing psychopathology. The factor structure of adolescent externalizing psychopathology was similar across samples, as was the association between that common factor and early marijuana use (Minnesota r = 0.67 [0.60, 0.75]; Colorado r = 0.69 [0.59, 0.78]), and increase in use (Minnesota r = 0.18 [0.10, 0.26]; Colorado r = 0.20 [0.07, 0.34]). Early use was moderately heritable in both samples (Minnesota h2 = 0.57 [0.37, 0.79]; Colorado h2 = 0.42 [0.14, 0.73]). Increase in use was highly heritable in Minnesota (h2 = 0.82 [0.72, 0.88]), less so in Colorado (h2 = 0.22 [0.01, 0.66]), and shared environmental effects were larger in Colorado (c2 = 0.55 [0.14, 0.83]) than Minnesota (c2 = 0 [0, 0.06]). We found moderate genetic correlations between externalizing psychopathology and early use in both samples. Finally, additional analyses in the Minnesota sample indicated that marijuana use decreased during the late 20s. This decline is strongly heritable (h2 = 0.73 [0.49, 0.91]) and moderately negatively correlated with adolescent externalizing psychopathology (r = - 0.41 [- 0.54, - 0.28]). Adolescent externalizing psychopathology is genetically correlated with change in late adolescent marijuana use (late teens, early 20s), as well as maintenance of use in early adulthood (late 20 s) even after controlling for the effects of early use.

中文翻译：

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青少年外在心理病理学及其与14至30岁大麻使用发展的前瞻性关系：跨独立纵向双样本的复制。

青春期早期将心理病理学外化是药物使用的高度可遗传的危险因素，但其与大麻使用发展之间的关系尚不十分清楚。我们评估了从科罗拉多州（N = 2608）和明尼苏达州（N = 3630）的独立双胞胎样本中评估的这个问题，该样本从青春期到成年初期进行了评估。我们使用了大麻使用频率的生物特征性潜在生长模型，并结合了14至30岁之间多达五次评估的数据，来研究大麻使用的变化及其与青少年外在心理病理学因素模型的关系。样本中的青少年外在心理病理学的因素结构相似，该共同因素与早期使用大麻之间的关联也是如此（明尼苏达州r = 0.67 [0.60，0.75]；科罗拉多州r = 0.69 [0.59，0.78]），并且使用增加（明尼苏达州r = 0.18 [0.10，0。26]；科罗拉多州r = 0.20 [0.07，0.34]）。在两个样品中，早期使用均具有中等遗传性（明尼苏达州h2 = 0.57 [0.37，0.79]；科罗拉多州h2 = 0.42 [0.14，0.73]）。在明尼苏达州，使用量的增加是高度可遗传的（h2 = 0.82 [0.72，0.88]），在科罗拉多州则较少（h2 = 0.22 [0.01，0.66]），在科罗拉多州，共同的环境影响更大（c2 = 0.55 [0.14，0.83] ]）比明尼苏达州（c2 = 0 [0，0.06]）。我们在两个样本中都发现了外部心理心理和早期使用之间的中等遗传相关性。最后，明尼苏达州样本中的其他分析表明，大麻的使用在20年代后期有所减少。这种下降具有强烈的遗传性（h2 = 0.73 [0.49，0.91]），并且与青少年外在化的精神病理学呈负相关（r =-0.41 [-0.54，-0.28]）。