Development of in vitro reproduction techniques has not only offered some infertile couples the possibility to have a child, it also revolutionized animal reproduction. Although in vitro reproduction techniques for humans or domestic and non-domestic animals have been designed to mimic in vivo conditions, modifications due to environmental effects or in vitro manipulation of gametes and embryos are unavoidable. For male gametes, in vitro manipulations include techniques to select spermatozoa, cryopreservation and other incubation procedures, during which spermatozoa may be exposed to oxidative stress and other insults that may damage their functions and DNA. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of key studies reporting sperm damage during in vitro manipulation, with particular focus on effects on DNA integrity, a fundamental factor for fertilization and transmission of paternal genetic information to offspring.

中文翻译：

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体外操作精子的副作用。

体外生殖技术的发展不仅为一些不育夫妇提供了生育孩子的可能性，还彻底改变了动物的生殖方式。尽管人类或家养和非家养动物的体外繁殖技术旨在模拟体内条件，但由于环境影响或配子和胚胎的体外操作而进行的修改是不可避免的。对于雄性配子，体外操作包括选择精子、冷冻保存和其他孵化程序的技术，在此期间，精子可能会暴露于氧化应激和其他可能损害其功能和 DNA 的损伤。本综述的目的是概述报告体外操作过程中精子损伤的关键研究，特别关注对 DNA 完整性的影响，