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Habitat availability influences migration speed, refueling patterns and seasonal flyways of a fly-and-forage migrant.
Movement Ecology ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-12 , DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-0190-4
Thomas G Hadjikyriakou 1 , Emmanuel C Nwankwo 1 , Munir Z Virani 2 , Alexander N G Kirschel 1
Affiliation  

Despite our understanding of the principal factors that shape bird migration strategies, there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of habitat in shaping migration routes and schedules, including day and night activity and differences between autumn and spring. For fly-and-forage migrants, we predict that habitat characteristics might guide migration speed, route selection and migrating schedules. We use solar-powered GPS transmitters, obtaining high accuracy data, to monitor the migratory movements of Eleonora’s falcon breeding in Cyprus, which is the easternmost breeding population of the species. We tested for potential preferences in habitat characteristics along the migration routes, separately for the northern, drier part and the more vegetated southern part of the trips. We also examined the relationship between migration speed and vegetative cover during day and at night, accounting for wind support. We found that tagged individuals repeatedly exhibited an anticlockwise loop migration pattern with spring routes being more easterly than autumn ones. We identified a preference for migration through vegetation-rich areas, where during daytime tagged individuals travel at slower migration speeds compared to vegetation-poor areas, indicating fly-and-forage activity. Birds roosted during most nights, combining refueling stopovers at selected vegetation-rich areas before or after crossing ecological barriers. Conversely, both during day and night, tagged individuals overflew unsuitable habitats more quickly. Our results suggest that habitat is an important factor in Eleonora’s falcon migratory strategies. Active selection of vegetation rich areas in combination with reduced migration speeds there, allows the migrating falcons to combine migration during the day with fly-and-forage refueling, while roosting most nights.

中文翻译:

栖息地的可用性会影响飞行和觅食移民的迁徙速度、加油模式和季节性飞行路线。

尽管我们了解影响鸟类迁徙策略的主要因素,但关于栖息地在形成迁徙路线和时间表方面的作用,包括昼夜活动以及秋季和春季之间的差异,存在相互矛盾的证据。对于飞行和觅食的迁徙者,我们预测栖息地特征可能会指导迁徙速度、路线选择和迁徙时间表。我们使用太阳能 GPS 发射器获取高精度数据,以监测 Eleonora 猎鹰在塞浦路斯繁殖的迁徙活动,该物种是该物种最东部的繁殖种群。我们测试了迁徙路线沿线栖息地特征的潜在偏好,分别针对旅行的北部、较干燥的部分和植被较多的南部部分。我们还研究了白天和晚上迁移速度与植被覆盖之间的关系,考虑了风的支持。我们发现被标记的个体反复表现出逆时针循环迁移模式,春季路线比秋季路线更偏东。我们确定了通过植被丰富的地区迁移的偏好,与植被贫乏的地区相比,在白天被标记的个体以较慢的迁移速度旅行,表明飞行和觅食活动。鸟类在大多数夜晚都在栖息,在穿越生态屏障之前或之后在选定的植被丰富地区中途停留加油。相反,无论是白天还是晚上,被标记的个体都会更快地飞越不合适的栖息地。我们的研究结果表明,栖息地是埃莱奥诺拉猎鹰迁徙策略中的一个重要因素。
更新日期:2020-02-12
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