Background Dairy and beef cattle can be reservoirs of many pathogens, including Salmonella and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD). Farm environments may provide potential entry points for the transmission of infectious agents into the food chain. Antibiotics are used to treat a wide variety of infections on farms, and administration of antimicrobial agents to cattle is considered to be a driving factor for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Control of JD and AMR are priority for animal health initiatives in Ireland. A national JD pilot programme was introduced by Animal Health Ireland in 2014, while the national action plan launched by Department of Health and Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine introduced in 2017 aims to improve the surveillance of AMR. The current investigation was undertaken as a pilot study to determine the proportion of herds positive for MAP, Salmonella species (Salmonella spp), commensal Escherichia coli (E. coli), Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) AmpC β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing E. coli from 157 environmental faecal samples in Irish farms. Results MAP was detected in 10.2% of samples collected; on culture in 4 (4.9%) of the dairy herds and from 1 (1.3%) of the beef/suckler herds, and by PCR in 10 (12.3%) and 6 (7.9%) of these herds respectively. All culture positive herds were also positive by PCR. An additional 11 herds were positive by PCR only. Salmonella was not detected, while commensal E. coli were isolated from 70.7% of the samples (111/157) with 101 of these isolates shown to be fully susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Of the 27 presumptive ESBL AmpC β-lactamase producing E. coli detected, one isolate was resistant to ten antimicrobials, nine isolates were resistant to nine antimicrobials, and four isolates were resistant to eight antimicrobials. Carbapenemase-producing E. coli were not isolated. Conclusions The results highlight the importance of monitoring farm environments for Johne's disease. This disease is a growing concern for dairy and beef producers in Ireland, and sampling the farm environment may offer a useful means to rapidly screen for the presence of MAP. Non-pathogenic common enteric commensal and multiple-drug-resistant E. coli may contribute to AMR acting as a reservoir and transferring resistance to other species/pathogens in the environment.

中文翻译：

---

一项利用环境筛查确定爱尔兰牛群中鸟分枝杆菌亚种副结核病 (MAP) 和抗菌素耐药性 (AMR) 流行率的初步研究。

背景奶牛和肉牛可能是许多病原体的宿主，包括沙门氏菌和鸟分枝杆菌亚种。副结核病 (MAP)，约内氏病 (JD) 的病原体。农场环境可能为传染性病原体传播到食物链提供潜在的切入点。抗生素用于治疗农场的各种感染，而对牛使用抗菌剂被认为是抗菌素耐药性 (AMR) 的驱动因素。控制 JD 和 AMR 是爱尔兰动物健康计划的优先事项。爱尔兰动物卫生局于 2014 年推出了一项国家 JD 试点计划，而卫生部和农业、食品和海洋部于 2017 年推出的国家行动计划旨在改善对 AMR 的监测。目前的调查是作为一项初步研究进行的，以确定对 MAP、沙门氏菌属（沙门氏菌属）、共生大肠杆菌（大肠杆菌）、超广谱 β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）AmpC β-内酰胺酶和碳青霉烯酶呈阳性的畜群比例- 从爱尔兰农场的 157 个环境粪便样本中生产大肠杆菌。结果 10.2% 的样本检测到 MAP；对 4 个 (4.9%) 奶牛群和 1 个 (1.3%) 牛/乳牛群进行了培养，并分别对这些牛群中的 10 个 (12.3%) 和 6 个 (7.9%) 进行了 PCR。所有培养阳性的猪群也通过 PCR 检测呈阳性。另外 11 个猪群仅通过 PCR 检测呈阳性。未检测到沙门氏菌，而从 70.7% 的样品 (111/157) 中分离出共生大肠杆菌，其中 101 种分离物显示对所有测试的抗菌剂完全敏感。在检测到的 27 个推定的产 ESBL AmpC β-内酰胺酶的大肠杆菌中，1 个分离株对 10 种抗菌素耐药，9 株对 9 种抗菌素耐药，4 株对 8 种抗菌素耐药。没有分离出产碳青霉烯酶的大肠杆菌。结论 结果强调了监测农场环境对约内氏病的重要性。这种疾病是爱尔兰乳制品和牛肉生产商日益关注的问题，对农场环境进行采样可能会提供一种有用的方法来快速筛查 MAP 的存在。非致病性常见肠道共生菌和多重耐药大肠杆菌可能有助于 AMR 作为储存库并将耐药性转移到环境中的其他物种/病原体。1 株对 10 种抗生素耐药，9 株对 9 种抗生素耐药，4 株对 8 种抗生素耐药。没有分离出产碳青霉烯酶的大肠杆菌。结论 结果强调了监测农场环境对约内氏病的重要性。这种疾病是爱尔兰乳制品和牛肉生产商日益关注的问题，对农场环境进行采样可能会提供一种有用的方法来快速筛查 MAP 的存在。非致病性常见肠道共生菌和多重耐药大肠杆菌可能有助于 AMR 作为储存库并将耐药性转移到环境中的其他物种/病原体。1 株对 10 种抗生素耐药，9 株对 9 种抗生素耐药，4 株对 8 种抗生素耐药。没有分离出产碳青霉烯酶的大肠杆菌。结论 结果强调了监测农场环境对约内氏病的重要性。这种疾病是爱尔兰乳制品和牛肉生产商日益关注的问题，对农场环境进行采样可能会提供一种有用的方法来快速筛查 MAP 的存在。非致病性常见肠道共生菌和多重耐药大肠杆菌可能有助于 AMR 作为储存库并将耐药性转移到环境中的其他物种/病原体。结论 结果强调了监测农场环境对约内氏病的重要性。这种疾病是爱尔兰乳制品和牛肉生产商日益关注的问题，对农场环境进行采样可能会提供一种有用的方法来快速筛查 MAP 的存在。非致病性常见肠道共生菌和多重耐药大肠杆菌可能有助于 AMR 作为储存库并将耐药性转移到环境中的其他物种/病原体。结论 结果强调了监测农场环境对约内氏病的重要性。这种疾病是爱尔兰乳制品和牛肉生产商日益关注的问题，对农场环境进行采样可能会提供一种有用的方法来快速筛查 MAP 的存在。非致病性常见肠道共生菌和多重耐药大肠杆菌可能有助于 AMR 作为储存库并将耐药性转移到环境中的其他物种/病原体。