Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are members of a multifunctional enzyme superfamily. Forty‐one GSTs have been identified in Tribolium castaneum; however, none of the 41 GSTs has been functionally characterized. Here, three delta‐class GSTs, TcGSTd1, TcGSTd2 and TcGSTd3, of T. castaneum were successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. All of the studied GSTs catalysed the conjugation of reduced glutathione with 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene. Insecticide treatment showed that the expression levels of TcGSTd3 and TcGSTd2 were significantly increased after exposure to phoxim and lambda‐cyhalothrin, whereas TcGSTd1 was slightly upregulated only in response to phoxim. A disc diffusion assay showed that overexpression of TcGSTD3, but not TcGSTD1 or TcGSTD2, in E. coli increased resistance to paraquat‐induced oxidative stress. RNA interference knockdown of TcGSTd1 caused metamorphosis deficiencies and reduced fecundity by regulating insulin/target‐of‐rapamycin signalling pathway‐mediated ecdysteroid biosynthesis, and knockdown of TcGSTd3 led to reduced fertility and a decreased hatch rate of the offspring, probably caused by the reduced antioxidative activity in the reproductive organs. These results indicate that TcGSTd3 and TcGSTd2 may play vital roles in cellular detoxification, whereas TcGSTd1 may play essential roles in normal development of T. castaneum. These delta‐class GSTs in T. castaneum have obtained different functions during the evolution.

中文翻译：

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Tribolium castaneum中参与发育和解毒的三种δ-型谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的功能多样化。

谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）是多功能酶超家族的成员。在Tribolium castaneum中鉴定出41种GST ；但是，这41个商品及服务税中没有一个具有功能特征。在这里，三洲级的GST，TcGSTd1，TcGSTd2和TcGSTd3中，赤拟谷盗成功克隆和表达中的大肠杆菌。所有研究的GST都催化还原型谷胱甘肽与1-氯-2,4-二硝基苯的结合。杀虫剂处理显示，暴露于辛硫磷和λ-氟氯氰菊酯后，TcGSTd3和TcGSTd2的表达水平显着增加，而TcGSTd1仅对辛硫磷有轻微上调。椎间盘扩散试验表明，大肠杆菌中TcGSTD3的过表达，而不是TcGSTD1或TcGSTD2的过表达，增加了对百草枯诱导的氧化应激的抵抗力。TcGSTd1的RNA干扰敲除通过调节胰岛素/雷帕霉素信号传导途径介导的蜕皮甾类生物合成而导致变态缺陷和繁殖力降低，TcGSTd3的敲除导致生育力降低和后代孵化率降低，这可能是由于抗氧化能力降低引起的生殖器官的活动。这些结果表明，TcGSTd3和TcGSTd2可能在细胞排毒中起着至关重要的作用，而TcGSTd1可以在正常发展发挥重要作用赤拟谷盗。这些在锥栗中的GSTs在进化过程中获得了不同的功能。