Several studies have shown that unbalanced bilinguals activate both of their languages simultaneously during L2 processing; however, evidence for L2 activation while participants are tested exclusively in their L1 has been more tenuous. Here, we investigate whether bilingual participants implicitly activate the label for a picture in their two languages, and whether labels activated in L2 can prime activation of cross-linguistically related L1 lexical targets. We tested highly proficient early Spanish-Basque bilinguals on an ERP cross-modal priming task conducted only in their L1, Spanish. Participants activated prime picture labels in both Spanish and Basque. More importantly, participants activated Basque translations of Spanish auditory targets, even in a Spanish experimental environment with no reference to Basque. Results provide strong evidence for non-selective bilingual lexical access, showing co-activation extending to lexical levels beyond phonological overlap. Our results add to the growing body of evidence for the interconnective nature of bilingual language activation.

中文翻译：

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L1 听觉处理过程中 L2 的共同激活：一项 ERP 跨模式启动研究

一些研究表明，不平衡的双语者在二语处理过程中同时激活他们的两种语言；然而，当参与者只在他们的 L1 中进行测试时，L2 激活的证据更加脆弱。在这里，我们调查双语参与者是否隐式激活了他们两种语言的图片的标签，以及在 L2 中激活的标签是否可以启动跨语言相关的 L1 词汇目标的激活。我们在一项 ERP 跨模式启动任务中测试了高度熟练的早期西班牙语-巴斯克双语者，该任务仅在他们的 L1 西班牙语中进行。参与者激活了西班牙语和巴斯克语的主要图片标签。更重要的是，参与者激活了西班牙语听觉目标的巴斯克语翻译，即使在没有提及巴斯克语的西班牙语实验环境中也是如此。结果为非选择性双语词汇访问提供了强有力的证据，表明共激活扩展到超出语音重叠的词汇水平。我们的结果为双语语言激活的相互关联性提供了越来越多的证据。