Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common solid tumor marked by high rates of recurrence, especially in non-muscle invasive disease. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a ubiquitously present lipid mediator responsible for numerous physiological actions. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) class of drugs results in reduced PGE2 levels. NSAID usage has been associated with reductions in cancers such as BCa. Clinical trials using NSAIDs to prevent recurrence have had mixed results, but largely converge on issues with cardiotoxicity. The purpose of this review is to understand the basic science behind how and why inhibitors of PGE2 may be effective against BCa, and to explore alternate therapeutic modalities for addressing the role of PGE2 without the associated cardiotoxicity. We will address the role of PGE2 in a diverse array of cancer-related functions including stemness, immunosuppression, proliferation, cellular signaling and more.

中文翻译：

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前列腺素E2作为膀胱癌的治疗靶标：从基础科学到临床试验。

膀胱癌（BCa）是常见的实体瘤，其复发率很高，尤其是在非肌肉浸润性疾病中。前列腺素E2（PGE2）是普遍存在的脂质介体，负责多种生理作用。非甾体抗炎药（NSAID）类对环氧合酶（COX）酶的抑制作用导致PGE2水平降低。NSAID的使用与减少癌症（例如BCa）有关。使用非甾体抗炎药预防复发的临床试验取得了好坏参半的结果，但在心脏毒性问题上却趋于一致。这篇综述的目的是了解PGE2抑制剂如何以及为何可能有效对抗BCa的基础科学，并探索替代疗法来解决PGE2的作用而无相关的心脏毒性。