It has been almost 30 years since C/EBPß was discovered. Seminal studies have shown that C/EBPß is a master regulator of mammary gland development and has been shown to control and influence proliferation and differentiation through varying mechanisms. The single-exon C/EBPß mRNA yields at least three different protein isoforms which have diverse, specific, context-dependent, and often non-overlapping roles throughout development and breast cancer progression. These roles are dictated by a number of complex factors including: expression levels of other C/EBP family members and their stoichiometry relative to the isoform in question, binding site affinity, post-translational modifications, co-factor expression, and even hormone levels and lactogenic status. Here we summarize the historical work up to the latest findings in the field on C/EBPß in the mammary gland and in breast cancer. With the current emphasis on improving immunotherapy in breast cancer the role of specific C/EBPß isoforms in regulating specific chemokine and cytokine expression and the immune microenvironment will be of increasing interest.

中文翻译：

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C/EBPß 同工型特异性基因调控：比您想象的要复杂得多！

自 C/EBPß 被发现以来已近 30 年了。开创性研究表明，C/EBPß 是乳腺发育的主要调节因子，并已被证明可以通过不同的机制控制和影响增殖和分化。单外显子 C/EBPß mRNA 产生至少三种不同的蛋白质亚型，这些亚型在整个发育和乳腺癌进展过程中具有不同的、特定的、背景依赖性的且通常不重叠的作用。这些作用是由许多复杂因素决定的，包括：其他 C/EBP 家族成员的表达水平及其相对于相关亚型的化学计量、结合位点亲和力、翻译后修饰、辅助因子表达，甚至激素水平和泌乳状态。在这里，我们总结了乳腺和乳腺癌中 C/EBPß 领域的历史工作和最新发现。随着当前对改善乳腺癌免疫治疗的重视，特定 C/EBPβ 同种型在调节特定趋化因子和细胞因子表达以及免疫微环境中的作用将越来越受到人们的关注。