Abstract Achillea moschata Wulfen, which grows in the Alps, is extensively used by local people for its medicinal properties. Two studied samples were collected, at the flowering stage, in Val Mustair (Switzerland) and Valchiavenna (Italy), respectively. The aerial parts were defatted with petroleum ether (PET) and successively extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH). High-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of the methanolic extracts evidenced that flavonoids were the predominant compounds compared to phenolic acids in both samples (89.5 vs. 33.0 μg/mg DW in A. moschata Valchiavenna and 82.5 vs. 40.0 μg/mg DW in A. moschata Val Mustair). Among flavonoid derivatives, luteolin and apigenin were the predominant aglycones, free and glycosilated. The A. moschata Valchiavenna extract was characterized by apigenin as the main compound (60.4 μg/mg DW), while A. moschata Val Mustair was characterized by its derivative apigenin 7-O-glucoside (44.7 μg/mg DW). The antioxidant activity of all the obtained extracts was tested by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,21-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) methods, which showed their increasing scavenger capacity in relation to extract polarity (PET extract < DCM extract < MeOH extract). The extracts were also investigated against three Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial species using the disc diffusion assay. DMC and PET were the most active extracts (inhibition diameter: ≥12 mm).

中文翻译：

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意大利和瑞士阿尔卑斯山 Achillea moschata 的多酚含量和生物活性

摘要 Achillea moschata Wulfen 生长于阿尔卑斯山，因其药用特性而被当地人广泛使用。在开花阶段，分别在 Val Mustair（瑞士）和 Valchiavenna（意大利）收集了两个研究样本。地上部分用石油醚（PET）脱脂，依次用二氯甲烷（DCM）和甲醇（MeOH）萃取。甲醇提取物的高效液相色谱和电喷雾电离串联质谱分析表明，与酚酸相比，黄酮类化合物是两种样品中的主要化合物（A. moschata Valchiavenna 中为 89.5 与 33.0 μg/mg DW，82.5 与 40.0 A. moschata Val Mustair 中的 μg/mg DW）。在类黄酮衍生物中，木犀草素和芹菜素是主要的苷元，游离的和糖基化的。A. moschata Valchiavenna 提取物的特征在于芹菜素作为主要化合物 (60.4 μg/mg DW)，而 A. moschata Val Mustair 的特征在于其衍生的芹菜素 7-O-葡萄糖苷 (44.7 μg/mg DW)。通过DPPH（2,2-二苯基-苦基肼）和ABTS（2,21-叠氮基-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸））方法测试了所有提取物的抗氧化活性，表明它们的抗氧化活性增加与萃取物极性相关的清除剂容量（PET 萃取物 < DCM 萃取物 < MeOH 萃取物）。还使用圆盘扩散试验对提取物对三种革兰氏阳性菌（蜡状芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌）和三种革兰氏阴性菌（大肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌）进行了研究。DMC 和 PET 是最活跃的提取物（抑制直径：