Introduction: In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on using exosomes as biomarkers for cancer detection. Exosomes are 40-150 nm-sized extracellular vesicles released by all cell types, including tumor cells. Exosomes are stable in body fluids due to their lipid bilayer member and often contain DNA, RNA, and proteins. These exosomes can be harvested from blood, plasma, serum, urine, or saliva and analyzed for tumor-relevant mutations. Thus, exosomes provide an alternative to current methods of tumor detection.Areas covered: This review discusses the use of exosomal diagnostics in various tumor types as well as their examination in various clinical trials. The authors also discuss the limitations of exosome-based diagnostics in the clinical setting and provide examples of several studies in which the development and usage of microfluidic chips and nano-sensing devices have been utilized to address these obstacles.Expert commentary: In recent years, exosomes and their contents have exhibited potential as novel tumor detection markers despite the labor involved in their harvest and isolation. Despite this, much work is being done to optimize exosome capture and analysis. Thus, their roles as biomarkers in the clinical setting appear promising.

中文翻译：

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用于癌症诊断和患者监测的外泌体生物标志物。

简介：近年来，人们对利用外泌体作为癌症检测的生物标志物进行了广泛的研究。外泌体是所有细胞类型（包括肿瘤细胞）释放的 40-150 nm 大小的细胞外囊泡。外泌体由于其脂质双层成员而在体液中稳定，并且通常含有 DNA、RNA 和蛋白质。这些外泌体可以从血液、血浆、血清、尿液或唾液中收获，并分析与肿瘤相关的突变。因此，外泌体为当前的肿瘤检测方法提供了一种替代方法。涵盖领域：本综述讨论了外泌体诊断在各种肿瘤类型中的应用及其在各种临床试验中的检查。作者还讨论了基于外泌体的诊断在临床环境中的局限性，并提供了几项研究的示例，其中微流控芯片和纳米传感设备的开发和使用已被用来解决这些障碍。专家评论：近年来，尽管外泌体及其内容物的收获和分离需要大量的劳动，但它们仍表现出作为新型肿瘤检测标记物的潜力。尽管如此，人们仍在做大量工作来优化外泌体捕获和分析。因此，它们在临床环境中作为生物标志物的作用似乎很有前景。