Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and it accounts for 1% of all newly diagnosed tumors. Approximately 10% of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) and 30% with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) could not be cured with locoregional treatment and could develop metastatic disease. In addition, one of the most aggressive solid tumors can arise from the thyroid gland, the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, with a median overall survival of less than 6 months. Currently, only four drugs are approved for the treatment of DTC and MTC and several unmet needs are focusing the scientific discussions, including the resistant setting, the off-target side effects that may reduce the efficacy and the molecular knowledge-based combinations. In this review, we aimed to discuss the current molecular landscape and treatment of thyroid cancers, and the ongoing clinical and translational research lines focusing on new drugs and drug combinations to improve the inhibition of driver mutations, such as BRAF and RET, and how systemic therapies that improved outcomes of other cancer types, like immunotherapy and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, may play a role in the future management of advanced thyroid cancers.

甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌恶性肿瘤，占所有新诊断肿瘤的1％。大约10％的分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者和30％的髓样甲状腺癌（MTC）患者不能通过局部治疗治愈，并且可能发展成转移性疾病。此外，最具侵略性的实体瘤之一可能来自甲状腺，即间变性甲状腺癌，中位总生存期不到6个月。当前，仅四种药物被批准用于DTC和MTC的治疗，一些未满足的需求正在引起科学讨论，包括耐药性设置，可能降低疗效的脱靶副作用以及基于分子知识的组合。在这篇评论中