Humans can acquire information on others' motor outputs (action prediction) and intentions (action understanding) according to their individual motor repertoire and to the detected gesture's features (e.g. temporal patterns). We aimed at dissociating between action prediction and action understanding abilities in soccer players and novices observing soccer action videos including correct timing pass (CTP) or delayed pass (DP). First, we used an occluding paradigm to evaluate participants' ability to predict the correct time to pass the ball. Although soccer players showed reduced reaction times, all subjects showed a similar pattern of performance: during DP observation, responses appeared delayed with respect to the other conditions but anticipated with respect to the observed DP. In a separate experiment, we investigated the ability to recognize CTP vs DP and the modulation of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability associated to video observation. Only soccer players showed selective modulation of M1 according to the plausibility of the observed action, with increased excitability during the observation of the CTP and in a phase preceding the DP. In conclusion, action prediction ability seems to be independent from the individual motor repertoire. By contrast, only subjects with previously acquired sensorimotor skills are able to infer the observed action's long-term intention.

中文翻译：

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传球的最后机会：调查时间期望和运动共振在处理运动动作中的时间错误中的作用。

人类可以根据自己的个人运动习惯和检测到的手势特征（例如时间模式）获取有关他人运动输出（动作预测）和意图（动作理解）的信息。我们旨在区分足球运动员和新手观察足球动作视频（包括正确的计时传球（CTP）或延迟传球（DP））的动作预测和动作理解能力。首先，我们使用遮挡范例来评估参与者预测正确的传球时间的能力。尽管足球运动员的反应时间减少了，但所有受试者的表现都相似：在DP观察过程中，其他条件下的反应似乎有所延迟，但是对于观察到的DP来说反应是预期的。在另一个实验中 我们研究了识别CTP与DP的能力以及与视频观察相关的初级运动皮层（M1）兴奋性的调制。只有足球运动员根据观察到的动作的合理性显示出对M1的选择性调节，在观察CTP期间和DP之前的阶段兴奋性增加。总而言之，动作预测能力似乎与单个运动曲目无关。相比之下，只有具有先前获得的感觉运动技能的受试者才能推断观察到的动作的长期意图。在观察CTP期间和DP之前的阶段中，兴奋性增加。总而言之，动作预测能力似乎与单个运动曲目无关。相比之下，只有具有先前获得的感觉运动技能的受试者才能推断观察到的动作的长期意图。在观察CTP期间和DP之前的阶段中，兴奋性增加。总而言之，动作预测能力似乎与单个运动曲目无关。相比之下，只有具有先前获得的感觉运动技能的受试者才能推断观察到的动作的长期意图。