The present study investigated the developmental precursors of effortful control, a temperament trait that involves the propensity to regulate one's impulses and behaviors, to motivate the self toward a goal when there are conflicting desires, and to focus and shift attention easily. Data came from the California Families Project, a multimethod longitudinal study of 674 Mexican-origin youth (and their parents), who were assessed at ages 10, 12, 14, 16, and 19. Effortful control (measured via self- and parent-reports) was moderately stable over time (r = .47 from age 10 to 19), and its developmental trajectory followed a u-shaped pattern (decreasing from age 10 to 14, before increasing from age 14 to 19). Findings from latent growth curve models showed that youth who experience more hostility from their parents, associate more with deviant peers, attend more violent schools, live in more violent neighborhoods, and experience more ethnic discrimination tend to exhibit an exacerbated dip in effortful control. In contrast, youth with parents who closely monitor their behavior and whereabouts exhibited a shallower dip in effortful control. Analyses of the facets of effortful control revealed important disparities in their trajectories; specifically inhibitory control showed linear increases, attention control showed linear decreases, and activation control showed the same u-shaped trajectory as overall effortful control. Moreover, most of the precursors of effortful control replicated for inhibitory control and attention control, but not for activation control. We discuss the broader implications of the findings for adolescent personality development and self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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从童年晚期到成年早期的努力控制的发展。

本研究调查了努力控制的发展前兆，这是一种气质特征，涉及调节个人冲动和行为的倾向，当有冲突的欲望时激励自我朝着目标前进，以及容易集中和转移注意力。数据来自加州家庭项目，这是一项针对 674 名墨西哥裔青年（及其父母）的多方法纵向研究，他们在 10、12、14、16 和 19 岁时接受了评估。努力控制（通过自我和父母-报告）随着时间的推移适度稳定（从 10 岁到 19 岁，r = .47），其发展轨迹遵循 u 形模式（从 10 岁到 14 岁减少，然后从 14 岁到 19 岁增加）。潜在增长曲线模型的研究结果表明，受到父母更多敌意的青少年，更多地与不正常的同龄人交往，上更暴力的学校，生活在更暴力的社区，经历更多的种族歧视，往往会在努力控制方面表现出更加严重的下降。相比之下，父母密切监视他们的行为和下落的年轻人在努力控制方面表现出较浅的下降。对努力控制的各个方面的分析揭示了它们轨迹的重要差异。具体而言，抑制控制呈线性增加，注意力控制呈线性下降，激活控制与整体努力控制呈相同的 U 形轨迹。此外，大多数努力控制的前体复制用于抑制控制和注意力控制，但不用于激活控制。我们讨论了研究结果对青少年人格发展和自我调节的更广泛影响。（PsycINFO 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。