Bone infections are difficult to diagnose and treat, especially when a prosthetic joint replacement or implant is involved. Bone loss is a major complication of osteomyelitis, but the mechanism behind has mainly been investigated in cell cultures and has not been confirmed in human settings. Inflammation is important in initiating an appropriate immune response to invading pathogens. However, many of the signaling molecules used by the immune system can also modulate bone remodeling and contribute to bone resorption during osteomyelitis. Our current knowledge of the inflammatory response relies heavily on animal models as research based on human samples is scarce. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of bone infections and is the pathogen of choice in animal models. The regulation of inflammatory genes during prosthetic joint infections and implant-associated osteomyelitis has only been studied in rodent models. It is important to consider the validity of an animal model when results are extrapolated to humans, and both bone composition and the immune system of pigs has been shown to be more similar to humans, than to rodents. Here in vivo studies on the inflammatory response to prosthetic joint infections and implant-associated osteomyelitis are reviewed.

中文翻译：

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对骨感染的炎症反应-基于动物模型和人类患者的综述。

骨感染很难诊断和治疗，尤其是在进行人工关节置换或植入时。骨丢失是骨髓炎的主要并发症，但是其背后的机制主要是在细胞培养中进行了研究，尚未在人体环境中得到证实。炎症对于启动对入侵病原体的适当免疫反应非常重要。但是，免疫系统使用的许多信号分子也可以调节骨重塑，并在骨髓炎期间促进骨吸收。我们目前关于炎症反应的知识在很大程度上依赖于动物模型，因为基于人类样品的研究很少。金黄色葡萄球菌是引起骨感染的最常见原因之一，并且是动物模型中选择的病原体。仅在啮齿动物模型中研究了人工关节感染和植入物相关性骨髓炎期间炎症基因的调控。当将结果外推到人类时，考虑到动物模型的有效性是很重要的，并且已经证明猪的骨骼组成和免疫系统都比啮齿动物更类似于人类。这里回顾了对假肢关节感染和植入物相关性骨髓炎的炎症反应的体内研究。