Sepsis is still a severe health problem worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. Blood bacterial culture remains the gold standard for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in bloodstream infections, but it is time-consuming, and both the sophisticated equipment and well-trained personnel are required. Immunoassays and genetic diagnosis are expensive and limited to specificity and sensitivity. Aptamers are single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) oligonucleotide or peptide sequence generated in vitro based on the binding affinity of aptamer-target by a process known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). By taking several advantages over monoclonal antibodies and other conventional small-molecule therapeutics, such as high specificity and affinity, negligible batch-to-batch variation, flexible modification and production, thermal stability, low immunogenicity and lack of toxicity, aptamers are presently becoming promising novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents. This review describes the prospective application of aptamerbased laboratory diagnostic assays and therapeutics for pathogenic bacteria and toxins in bloodstream infections.

败血症仍然是世界范围内具有高发病率和死亡率的严重健康问题。血液细菌培养仍然是检测血液感染中病原细菌的金标准，但它很耗时，并且需要精密的设备和训练有素的人员。免疫测定和基因诊断昂贵且限于特异性和敏感性。适体是单链脱氧核糖核酸（ssDNA）和核糖核酸（RNA）寡核苷酸或肽序列，是通过适体-靶标的结合亲和力通过体外通过指数富集的配体系统进化（SELEX）的方法体外产生的。与单克隆抗体和其他常规小分子疗法相比，它具有多种优势，例如高特异性和亲和力，批次之间的变化可忽略不计，灵活的修饰和生产，热稳定性，低免疫原性和缺乏毒性，适体目前正成为有希望的新型诊断和治疗剂。这篇综述描述了基于适体的实验室诊断分析和治疗方法在血液感染中的致病细菌和毒素的前瞻性应用。