In orthopedic and trauma surgical operations, drilling of bone is one of the commonly used procedures performed in hospitals and is a clinical practice for fixing the fractured parts of human bones. Force, torque and temperature play a significant role during the bone drilling and decide the stability of the medical implants. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize force, torque and temperature while drilling to avoid the thermal necrosis and osteosynthesis. This study focused on studying the influence of various types of bone drilling parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, drill diameter and ultrasonic amplitude), tools (solid tool, hollow tool and conventional twist drill bit) and techniques (conventional surgical drilling, rotary ultrasonic bone drilling and rotary bone drilling) on force, torque, temperature and microcracks produced in the drilled surface of the bone. The experimental investigations were conducted on porcine bone samples to perform the comparative study. Results revealed that increasing the diameter of drill tool and feed rate results in the increase in force, torque and temperature, while low rotational speed (500 r/min) generated a low temperature, high cutting force and torque for all types of drilling processes and tools evaluated in this study. Experimental results also revealed that rotary ultrasonic bone drilling with hollow tool generated the lowest cutting force, torque, temperature (<47 °C) and microcracks in the drilled surface of the bone as compared to the other four types of drilling techniques evaluated in this study. Influence of external irrigation technique on temperature was also studied with respect to the rotary ultrasonic bone drilling with a hollow tool, which could eliminate the problem of thermal necrosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that the rotary ultrasonic bone drilling process with hollow tool produced lesser cutting force as compared to rotary bone drilling and conventional surgical drilling for hollow and solid tools. The study also revealed that rotary ultrasonic bone drilling process has the potential to minimize the cutting force, torque and temperature as compared to the conventional surgical drilling for orthopedic surgery.

中文翻译：

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常规外科手术和旋转超声骨钻技术的体外比较。

在整形外科和创伤外科手术中，钻骨是医院中常用的手术之一，并且是固定人骨骨折部分的临床实践。力，扭矩和温度在骨骼钻孔过程中起着重要作用，并决定了医疗植入物的稳定性。因此，有必要在钻进时使力，扭矩和温度最小化，以避免热坏死和骨合成。这项研究的重点是研究各种类型的骨钻参数（转速，进给速度，钻头直径和超声振幅），工具（固体工具，空心工具和传统的麻花钻头）和技术（常规的外科手术钻头，旋转超声）的影响骨钻和旋转骨钻）的力，扭矩，温度和骨骼的钻孔表面产生的微裂纹。对猪骨样品进行了实验研究以进行比较研究。结果显示，增加钻具直径和进给速度会导致力，扭矩和温度的增加，而低转速（500 r / min）对于所有类型的钻削过程都会产生低温，高切削力和扭矩。在这项研究中评估的工具。实验结果还显示，与本研究评估的其他四种类型的钻孔技术相比，使用空心工具进行的旋转超声骨钻孔在骨头的钻孔表面产生的切削力，扭矩，温度（<47°C）和微裂纹最低。 。对于空心工具的旋转超声骨钻孔，还研究了外部灌溉技术对温度的影响，这可以消除热坏死的问题。总之，这项研究表明，与中空和实体工具的旋转骨钻孔和常规外科手术钻孔相比，使用中空工具的旋转超声骨钻孔过程产生的切削力较小。研究还显示，与常规的骨科手术钻相比，旋转超声骨钻工艺具有将切削力，扭矩和温度降至最低的潜力。这项研究表明，与中空和实体工具的旋转骨钻孔和常规外科手术钻孔相比，使用中空工具的旋转超声骨钻孔过程产生的切削力较小。研究还显示，与常规的骨科手术钻相比，旋转超声骨钻工艺具有将切削力，扭矩和温度降至最低的潜力。这项研究表明，与中空和实体工具的旋转骨钻孔和常规外科手术钻孔相比，使用中空工具的旋转超声骨钻孔过程产生的切削力较小。研究还显示，与常规的骨科手术钻相比，旋转超声骨钻工艺具有将切削力，扭矩和温度降至最低的潜力。