Fifty years ago, Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman (1969) conducted a famous experiment on social enhancement and inhibition of performance in cockroaches. A moderating effect of task difficulty on the effect of the presence of an audience, as revealed by impaired performance in complex tasks and enhanced performance in simple tasks, was presented as the major conclusion of this research. However, the researchers did not test this interaction statistically. We conducted a preregistered direct replication using a 2 (audience: present vs. absent) × 2 (task difficulty: runway vs. maze) between-subjects design. Results revealed main effects for task difficulty, with faster running times in the runway than the maze, and for audience, with slower running times when the audience was present than when it was absent. There was no interaction between the presence of an audience and task difficulty. Although we replicated the social-inhibition effect, there was no evidence for a social-facilitation effect.

中文翻译：

---

复制蟑螂：Zajonc、Heingartner 和 Herman (1969) 社会促进研究的预注册直接复制

五十年前，Zajonc、Heingartner 和 Herman (1969) 进行了一项著名的实验，研究蟑螂的社交增强和抑制性能。本研究的主要结论是任务难度对观众在场效果的调节作用，如复杂任务中的受损表现和简单任务中的增强表现所揭示的那样。然而，研究人员没有统计测试这种相互作用。我们使用 2（观众：在场与缺席）×2（任务难度：跑道与迷宫）之间的主题设计进行了预先注册的直接复制。结果揭示了任务难度的主要影响，跑道上的跑​​步时间比迷宫快，而对观众来说，观众在场时的跑步时间比不在场时慢。观众的存在与任务难度之间没有相互作用。尽管我们复制了社会抑制效应，但没有证据表明存在社会促进效应。