Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which specifically express the transcription factor FoxP3 in the nucleus and CD25 and CTLA-4 on the cell surface, are a functionally distinct T cell subpopulation actively engaged in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. Recent studies have facilitated our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of their generation, function, phenotypic and functional stability, and adaptability. It is under investigation in humans how functional or numerical Treg anomalies, whether genetically determined or environmentally induced, contribute to immunological diseases such as autoimmune diseases. Also being addressed is how Tregs can be targeted to control physiological and pathological immune responses, for example, by depleting them to enhance tumor immunity or by expanding them to treat immunological diseases. This review discusses our current understanding of Treg immunobiology in normal and disease states, with a perspective on the realization of Treg-targeting therapies in the clinic.

中文翻译：

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调节性 T 细胞和人类疾病。

天然存在的 CD4+ 调节性 T 细胞 (Tregs)，在细胞核中特异性表达转录因子 FoxP3，在细胞表面表达 CD25 和 CTLA-4，是功能不同的 T 细胞亚群，积极参与维持免疫自我耐受和体内平衡. 最近的研究促进了我们对其产生、功能、表型和功能稳定性以及适应性的细胞和分子基础的理解。正在研究人类的功能或数量 Treg 异常，无论是基因决定的还是环境诱导的，如何导致免疫疾病，如自身免疫性疾病。同样正在解决的是如何靶向 Tregs 以控制生理和病理免疫反应，例如，通过消耗它们来增强肿瘤免疫力或通过扩大它们来治疗免疫疾病。本综述讨论了我们目前对正常和疾病状态下 Treg 免疫生物学的理解，并展望了临床中 Treg 靶向治疗的实现。