Over the last decade nanomaterials have had a major impact on human health for the early detection and treatment of many diseases. The future success of clinically translatable nanomaterials lies in the combination of several functionalities to realize a personalized medical experience for patients. To maintain promises, concerns arising from toxic potential and off-target accumulation of nanomaterials must be addressed first. Upon introduction to a complex biological system (e.g., following systemic administration), nanomaterials interact with all the encountered biomolecules and form the protein corona, a complex coating of plasma proteins that provides them with a totally new biological identity. As the protein corona controls the nanomaterial behavior in vivo, a precise knowledge of the relationship between biological identity and physiological response is needed but not yet achieved. Based on impressive progress made thus far, this review critically discusses how the protein corona activates immune response and influences the targeted delivery of nanomaterials. Furthermore, we comment on emerging strategies to manipulate protein binding in order to promote formation of designer artificial coronas and achieve a desired therapeutic outcome. We conclude by debating challenges that must be overcome to obtain widespread clinical adoption of nanomaterials. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.

中文翻译：

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蛋白电晕对纳米材料免疫反应和靶向能力的影响。

在过去的十年中，纳米材料对人类健康产生了重大影响，以早期发现和治疗许多疾病。临床上可翻译纳米材料的未来成功在于多种功能的结合，以实现患者的个性化医疗体验。为了兑现承诺，必须首先解决由潜在的毒性和纳米材料的脱靶积累引起的担忧。引入复杂的生物系统后（例如，在全身性给药后），纳米材料会与所有遇到的生物分子相互作用并形成蛋白质电晕，这是血浆蛋白的复杂涂层，为它们提供了全新的生物学特性。由于蛋白质电晕控制着体内的纳米材料行为，需要但尚未获得有关生物学特性与生理反应之间关系的精确知识。基于迄今取得的令人瞩目的进展，本综述主要讨论了蛋白质电晕如何激活免疫反应并影响纳米材料的靶向递送。此外，我们对操纵蛋白质结合以促进设计者人工电晕的形成并实现所需治疗效果的新兴策略进行了评论。我们通过辩论为获得纳米材料的广泛临床采用而必须克服的挑战而得出结论。本文归类于：生物学的纳米技术方法>纳米级的细胞毒理学和纳米医学中的法规问题>纳米材料的毒理学治疗方法和药物发现>新兴技术。