FOXP transcription factors are an evolutionarily ancient protein subfamily coordinating the development of several organ systems in the vertebrate body. Association of their genes with neurodevelopmental disorders has sparked particular interest in their expression patterns and functions in the brain. Here, FOXP1, FOXP2, and FOXP4 are expressed in distinct cell type‐specific spatiotemporal patterns in multiple regions, including the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. These varied sites and timepoints of expression have complicated efforts to link FOXP1 and FOXP2 mutations to their respective developmental disorders, the former affecting global neural functions and the latter specifically affecting speech and language. However, the use of animal models, particularly those with brain region‐ and cell type‐specific manipulations, has greatly advanced our understanding of how FOXP expression patterns could underlie disorder‐related phenotypes. While many questions remain regarding FOXP expression and function in the brain, studies to date have illuminated the roles of these transcription factors in vertebrate brain development and have greatly informed our understanding of human development and disorders.

中文翻译：

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脊椎动物大脑发育、功能和疾病中的 FOXP 转录因子。

FOXP 转录因子是一个进化上古老的蛋白质亚家族，协调脊椎动物体内多个器官系统的发育。他们的基因与神经发育障碍的关联引发了对他们在大脑中的表达模式和功能的特别兴趣。在这里，FOXP1、FOXP2 和 FOXP4 在多个区域以不同的细胞类型特异性时空模式表达，包括皮层、海马、杏仁核、基底神经节、丘脑和小脑。这些不同的位点和表达时间点使连接FOXP1和FOXP2的努力变得复杂它们各自发育障碍的突变，前者影响整体神经功能，后者特别影响言语和语言。然而，动物模型的使用，特别是那些具有大脑区域和细胞类型特异性操作的模型，极大地促进了我们对 FOXP 表达模式如何成为疾病相关表型的基础的理解。虽然关于 FOXP 在大脑中的表达和功能仍然存在许多问题，但迄今为止的研究已经阐明了这些转录因子在脊椎动物大脑发育中的作用，并极大地促进了我们对人类发育和疾病的理解。