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Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions.
WIREs Mechanisms of Disease ( IF 3.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-29 , DOI: 10.1002/wdev.373
Campbell Rolian 1
Affiliation  

Mammals have remarkably diverse limb proportions hypothesized to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotion and other behaviors. Mechanistically, evolutionary diversity in limb proportions is the result of differential limb bone growth. Longitudinal limb bone growth is driven by the process of endochondral ossification, under the control of the growth plates. In growth plates, chondrocytes undergo a tightly orchestrated life cycle of proliferation, matrix production, hypertrophy, and cell death/transdifferentiation. This life cycle is highly conserved, both among the long bones of an individual, and among homologous bones of distantly related taxa, leading to a finite number of complementary cell mechanisms that can generate heritable phenotype variation in limb bone size and shape. The most important of these mechanisms are chondrocyte population size in chondrogenesis and in individual growth plates, proliferation rates, and hypertrophic chondrocyte size. Comparative evidence in mammals and birds suggests the existence of developmental biases that favor evolutionary changes in some of these cellular mechanisms over others in driving limb allometry. Specifically, chondrocyte population size may evolve more readily in response to selection than hypertrophic chondrocyte size, and extreme hypertrophy may be a rarer evolutionary phenomenon associated with highly specialized modes of locomotion in mammals (e.g., powered flight, ricochetal bipedal hopping). Physical and physiological constraints at multiple levels of biological organization may also have influenced the cell developmental mechanisms that have evolved to produce the highly diverse limb proportions in extant mammals.

中文翻译:

软骨内骨化和肢体比例的演变。

哺乳动物具有明显不同的肢体比例,假设它们在运动和其他行为的情况下能够适应性地进化。从机理上讲,肢体比例的进化多样性是肢体骨骼发育差异的结果。在生长板的控制下,纵向肢骨的生长是由软骨内骨化的过程驱动的。在生长板中,软骨细胞经历了紧密协调的增殖,基质产生,肥大和细胞死亡/转分化的生命周期。这个生命周期在个人的长骨之间以及远缘分类群的同源骨之间都是高度保守的,从而导致有限数量的互补细胞机制可以在肢体骨骼的大小和形状上产生可遗传的表型变异。这些机制中最重要的是软骨生成和各个生长板中的软骨细胞群大小,增殖率和肥大性软骨细胞大小。哺乳动物和鸟类中的比较证据表明,在驱动肢体变构方面,存在某些偏向于某些细胞机制进化变化的发育偏见。具体而言,与肥大性软骨细胞大小相比,软骨细胞种群大小在响应选择时可能更容易进化,而极端肥大可能是与哺乳动物高度专业化的运动模式相关的罕见进化现象(例如,动力飞行,跳跳两足跳动)。
更新日期:2020-01-29
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