Evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity, which are evolutionary processes in their own right, enable species to respond adaptively to their environments. The Scandinavian countries, and Norway in particular, have for many years scored exceptionally high on lists of life quality, economic indicators, and measures of happiness. We propose that learning prosocial and cooperative behavior, which is central in a particular Norwegian cultural practice, dugnad, plays a role in the country’s success story. Dugnad is a Norwegian term for a type of voluntary work carried out as a community or collective and traditionally involving a social gathering. Dugnad has a long history in Norway, and it is a well-established cultural practice that has led to and still maintains significant social benefits. Dugnad is arranged in virtually all communities such as kindergartens, neighborhoods, schools, and organizations. Participation in dugnad gatherings is generally expected. Children from a young age are involved in dugnad. Dugnad activities are based on cooperation and can include anything from arranging a spring cleaning in the local community to building a club house for your children’s sports club. This paper discusses dugnad as a cultural practice that creates an environment that nurtures prosocial and cooperative activities. From a behavior analytic, selectionist perspective, we propose a non-domain-specific learning mechanism for dugnad-typical prosocial and cooperative behavior analogous to the phylogenetic evolutionary mechanism of group selection. Contingencies can lead to and maintain dugnad activities when extended behavioral patterns are selected as wholes.

中文翻译：

---

Dugnad：《事实与挪威亲社会行为的叙事》。

表型可塑性的进化机制本身就是进化过程，使物种能够对环境做出适应性反应。斯堪的纳维亚国家，尤其是挪威，多年来在生活质量，经济指标和幸福感等方面的得分异常高。我们建议，学习亲社会和合作行为在挪威的成功故事中起着重要的作用，这种行为是挪威特殊的文化实践dugnad的核心。Dugnad是挪威语，指的是作为社区或集体开展的志愿工作的一种，传统上是由社会聚会进行的。杜纳德在挪威拥有悠久的历史，这是一种行之有效的文化习俗，已经导致并仍然保持着巨大的社会效益。Dugnad几乎遍布所有社区，例如幼儿园，社区，学校和组织。通常期望参加dugnad聚会。年轻的孩子就参与了dugnad的活动。杜纳德（Dugnad）的活动基于合作，包括从在当地社区安排春季大扫除到为您的孩子的体育俱乐部建造会所，等等。本文讨论dugnad作为一种文化实践，可以创造一种促进亲社会和合作活动的环境。从行为分析，选择主义的角度，我们提出了一种非领域特定的学习机制，用于类似于群体选择的系统进化机制的典型的亲社会行为和合作行为。当整体上选择了扩展的行为模式时，突发事件可能导致并维持愚蠢的活动。