Insecticides, a heterogeneous group of chemicals, are widely used in agriculture and household practices to avoid insect-inflicted damage. Extensive use of insecticides has contributed substantially to agricultural production and the prevention of deadly diseases by destroying their vectors. On the contrary, many of the insecticides are associated with several adverse health effects like neurological and psychological diseases, metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalance, and even cancer in non-target species, including humans. Reproduction, a very selective process that ensures the continuity of species, is affected to a greater extent by the rampant use of insecticides. In females, exposure to insecticides leads to reproductive incapacitation primarily through disturbances in ovarian physiology. Disturbed ovarian activities encompass the alterations in hormone synthesis, follicular maturation, ovulation process, and ovarian cycle, which eventually lead to decline in fertility, prolonged time-to-conceive, spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, and developmental defects. Insecticide-induced ovarian toxicity is effectuated by endocrine disruption and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which occurs due to suppression of antioxidant defense system, and upsurge of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, potentiates DNA damage and expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers. Insecticide exposure, in part, is responsible for ovarian malfunctioning through disruption of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The current article is focused on the adverse effects of insecticides on ovarian functioning, and consequently, on the reproductive efficacy of females. The possible strategies to combat insecticide-induced toxicity are also discussed in the latter part of this review. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

中文翻译：

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杀虫剂和卵巢功能。

杀虫剂是一种异质的化学物质，已广泛用于农业和家庭实践中，以避免昆虫造成的破坏。广泛使用杀虫剂，通过销毁其媒介，对农业生产和预防致命疾病作出了重大贡献。相反，许多杀虫剂与多种不良健康影响相关，例如神经系统和心理疾病，代谢紊乱，荷尔蒙失调，甚至是包括人类在内的非目标物种的癌症。繁殖是确保物种连续性的非常有选择性的过程，在很大程度上受到杀虫剂使用的影响。在女性中，接触杀虫剂主要是由于卵巢生理功能紊乱而导致生殖能力丧失。卵巢功能紊乱包括激素合成，卵泡成熟，排卵过程和卵巢周期的改变，这些改变最终导致生育力下降，受孕时间延长，自然流产，死产和发育缺陷。杀虫剂引起的卵巢毒性通过内分泌干扰和氧化应激来实现。由于抗氧化防御系统的抑制以及活性氧和氮物种的增加而产生的氧化应激会增强DNA损伤以及凋亡和炎性标志物的表达。暴露于杀虫剂中，部分原因是由于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的破坏导致卵巢功能异常。本文主要关注杀虫剂对卵巢功能的不利影响，因此，对女性的生殖功效。本综述的后半部分还讨论了与杀虫剂引起的毒性作斗争的可能策略。环境。大声笑 诱变剂。2020。©2020 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.。