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Re-assessing the Foundations: Worldwide Smallpox Eradication, 1957–67
Medical History ( IF 1.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-19 , DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2019.77
Sanjoy Bhattacharya 1 , Carlos Eduardo D'Avila Pereira Campani 2
Affiliation  

An expansive, worldwide smallpox eradication programme (SEP) was announced by the World Health Assembly in 1958, leading this decision-making body to instruct the World Health Organization Headquarters in Geneva to work with WHO regional offices to engage and draw in national governments to ensure success. Tabled by the Soviet Union’s representative and passed by a majority vote by member states, the announcement was subject to intense diplomatic negotiations. This led to the formation, expansion and reshaping of an ambitious and complex campaign that cut across continents and countries. This article examines these inter-twining international, regional and national processes, and challenges long-standing historiographical assumptions about the fight against smallpox only gathering strength from the mid-1960s onwards, after the start of a US-supported programme in western Africa. The evidence presented here suggests a far more complex picture. It shows that although the SEP’s structures grew slowly between 1958 and 1967, a worldwide eradication programme resulted from international negotiations made possible through gains during this period. Significant progress in limiting the incidence of smallpox sustained international collaboration, and justified the prolongation and expansion of activities. Indeed, all of this bore diplomatic and legal processes within the World Health Assembly and WHO that acted as the foundation of the so-called intensified phase of the SEP and the multi-faceted activities that led to the certification of smallpox eradication in 1980.

中文翻译:

重新评估基础:全球根除天花,1957-67

世界卫生大会于 1958 年宣布了一项广泛的全球天花根除计划 (SEP),该计划领导该决策机构指示世界卫生组织日内瓦总部与世卫组织区域办事处合作,并吸引各国政府参与,以确保成功。由苏联代表提出并由成员国以多数票通过,该公告受到了紧张的外交谈判的影响。这导致了跨越大陆和国家的雄心勃勃且复杂的运动的形成、扩展和重塑。本文考察了这些相互交织的国际、地区和国家进程,并挑战了长期以来关于与天花作斗争的历史假设,这些假设从 1960 年代中期开始才逐渐增强,在美国支持的西非项目启动后。这里提供的证据表明了一幅更为复杂的图景。它表明,尽管 SEP 的结构在 1958 年至 1967 年期间增长缓慢,但在此期间通过国际谈判使全球根除计划成为可能。在限制天花发病率方面取得了重大进展,持续了国际合作,并证明了延长和扩大活动的合理性。事实上,所有这些都在世界卫生大会和世卫组织内部进行了外交和法律程序,这些程序是 SEP 所谓强化阶段的基础,也是导致 1980 年消灭天花认证的多方面活动的基础。它表明,尽管 SEP 的结构在 1958 年至 1967 年期间增长缓慢,但在此期间通过国际谈判使全球根除计划成为可能。在限制天花发病率方面取得了重大进展,持续了国际合作,并证明了延长和扩大活动的合理性。事实上,所有这些都在世界卫生大会和世卫组织内部进行了外交和法律程序,这些程序是所谓的 SEP 强化阶段和导致 1980 年消灭天花认证的多方面活动的基础。它表明,尽管 SEP 的结构在 1958 年至 1967 年期间增长缓慢,但在此期间通过国际谈判使全球根除计划成为可能。在限制天花发病率方面取得了重大进展,持续了国际合作,并证明了延长和扩大活动的合理性。事实上,所有这些都在世界卫生大会和世卫组织内部进行了外交和法律程序,这些程序是所谓的 SEP 强化阶段和导致 1980 年消灭天花认证的多方面活动的基础。在限制天花发病率方面取得了重大进展,持续了国际合作,并证明了延长和扩大活动的合理性。事实上,所有这些都在世界卫生大会和世卫组织内部进行了外交和法律程序,这些程序是所谓的 SEP 强化阶段和导致 1980 年消灭天花认证的多方面活动的基础。在限制天花发病率方面取得了重大进展,持续了国际合作,并证明了延长和扩大活动的合理性。事实上,所有这些都在世界卫生大会和世卫组织内部进行了外交和法律程序,这些程序是所谓的 SEP 强化阶段和导致 1980 年消灭天花认证的多方面活动的基础。
更新日期:2019-12-19
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