Human pulp stem cells (PSCs) include dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) isolated from dental pulp tissues of human extracted permanent teeth and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Depending on their multipotency and sensitivity to local paracrine activity, DPSCs and SHED exert therapeutic applications at multiple levels beyond the scope of the stomatognathic system. This review is specifically concentrated on PSC‐updated biological characteristics and their promising therapeutic applications in (pre)clinical practice. Biologically, distinguished from conventional mesenchymal stem cell markers in vitro, NG2, Gli1, and Celsr1 have been evidenced as PSC markers in vivo. Both perivascular cells and glial cells account for PSC origin. Therapeutically, endodontic regeneration is where PSCs hold the most promises, attributable of PSCs' robust angiogenic, neurogenic, and odontogenic capabilities. More recently, the interplay between cell homing and liberated growth factors from dentin matrix has endowed a novel approach for pulp‐dentin complex regeneration. In addition, PSC transplantation for extraoral tissue repair and regeneration has achieved immense progress, following their multipotential differentiation and paracrine mechanism. Accordingly, PSC banking is undergoing extensively with the intent of advancing tissue engineering, disease remodeling, and (pre)clinical treatments.

中文翻译：

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源自人类恒牙和乳牙的牙髓干细胞：生物学特性和治疗应用。

人牙髓干细胞（PSC）包括从人拔出的恒牙牙髓组织中分离的牙髓干细胞（DPSC）和从人脱落乳牙（SHED）中分离的干细胞。根据其多能性和对局部旁分泌活性的敏感性，DPSC 和 SHED 在口颌系统范围之外的多个层面发挥治疗应用。本综述特别关注 PSC 更新的生物学特性及其在（前）临床实践中的有前景的治疗应用。在生物学上，与传统的体外间充质干细胞标志物不同，NG2、Gli1和Celsr1已被证明是体内PSC标志物。血管周围细胞和神经胶质细胞都是 PSC 的起源。在治疗上，牙髓再生是 PSC 最有希望的领域，这归因于 PSC 强大的血管生成、神经生成和牙生成能力。最近，细胞归巢和从牙本质基质中释放的生长因子之间的相互作用为牙髓-牙本质复合体再生提供了一种新方法。此外，PSC移植在口外组织修复和再生方面凭借其多能分化和旁分泌机制也取得了巨大进展。因此，PSC 库正在广泛开展，旨在推进组织工程、疾病重塑和（前）临床治疗。