The neural crest (NC), discovered by Wilhelm His 150 years ago, gives rise to a multipotent migratory embryonic cell population that generates a remarkably diverse and important array of cell types during the development of the vertebrate embryo. These cells originate in the neural plate border (NPB), which is the ectoderm between the neural plate and the epidermis. They give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies are a class of congenital diseases resulting from the abnormal induction, specification, migration, differentiation or death of NC cells (NCCs) during embryonic development and have an important medical and societal impact. In general, congenital defects affect an appreciable percentage of newborns worldwide. Some of these defects are caused by teratogens, which are agents that negatively impact the formation of tissues and organs during development. In this review, we will discuss the teratogens linked to the development of many birth defects, with a strong focus on those that specifically affect the development of the NC, thereby producing neurocristopathies. Although increasing attention is being paid to the effect of teratogens on embryonic development in general, there is a strong need to critically evaluate the specific role of these agents in NC development. Therefore, increased understanding of the role of these factors in NC development will contribute to the planning of strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of human neurocristopathies, whose etiology was previously not considered.

中文翻译：

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致畸剂在神经嵴发育中的作用。

Wilhelm His 在 150 年前发现的神经嵴 (NC) 产生了多能迁移胚胎细胞群，在脊椎动物胚胎发育过程中产生了非常多样化和重要的一系列细胞类型。这些细胞起源于神经板边界 (NPB)，它是神经板和表皮之间的外胚层。它们产生周围神经系统的神经元和神经胶质、黑素细胞、软骨细胞、平滑肌细胞、成牙本质细胞和神经内分泌细胞等。Neurocristoppathies 是一类先天性疾病，由胚胎发育过程中 NC 细胞 (NCCs) 的异常诱导、特化、迁移、分化或死亡引起，具有重要的医学和社会影响。一般来说，先天性缺陷影响着全世界相当大比例的新生儿。其中一些缺陷是由致畸剂引起的，致畸剂是在发育过程中对组织和器官的形成产生负面影响的物质。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论与许多出生缺陷的发展相关的致畸剂，重点关注那些特别影响 NC 发展的致畸剂，从而产生神经嵴。尽管人们越来越关注致畸剂对胚胎发育的影响，但强烈需要批判性地评估这些药物在 NC 发育中的具体作用。因此，进一步了解这些因素在 NC 发展中的作用将有助于制定旨在预防和治疗人类神经脊膜病的策略，