In vitro experimental models pertaining to human cells are considered essential for most biological experiments, such as drug development and analysis of disease mechanisms, because of their genetic consistency and ease for detailed and long-term analysis. Recent development of organoid cultures, such as intestine, liver, and kidney cultures, greatly promotes the potential of in vitro experiments. However, conventional culture methods that use manual pipetting have limitations in regenerating complex biosystems. Our body autonomously organizes cells to form a specific tissue shape, and the self-organization process occurs in an extremely systematic manner. In order to emulate this sophisticated process in vitro; first, methodologies for cell culture and organization of in vitro systems need to be updated; second, understanding the self-organizing system is a crucial issue. In this review, recent advancements in engineering technologies to control the microenvironment during cell culture are introduced. Both static and dynamic control have been developed for decades in engineering fields, and the means by which such technologies can help to elucidate and design a biosystem is discussed.

中文翻译：

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控制和设计体外环境以重建器官的工程方法。

与人类细胞有关的体外实验模型被认为是大多数生物学实验（例如药物开发和疾病机理分析）所必需的，因为它们具有遗传一致性并且易于进行详细和长期的分析。类器官培养物（例如肠，肝和肾培养物）的最新发展极大地促进了体外实验的潜力。但是，使用手动移液的常规培养方法在再生复杂的生物系统方面有局限性。我们的身体自动组织细胞以形成特定的组织形状，并且自组织过程以极其系统的方式发生。为了在体外模拟这种复杂的过程；首先，细胞培养和体外系统组织的方法需要更新；第二，理解自组织系统是至关重要的问题。在这篇综述中，介绍了在细胞培养过程中控制微环境的工程技术的最新进展。静态和动态控制已在工程领域中发展了数十年，并且讨论了此类技术可帮助阐明和设计生物系统的方法。