The bobwhites (Colinus) consist of 3 grassland‐associated, allopatric species of New World quails (family Odontophoridae): the northern bobwhite (C. virginianus), distributed from the eastern United States to Guatemala; the black‐throated bobwhite (C. nigrogularis), which occurs in scattered localities in the Yucatán Peninsula, Nicaragua, and Honduras; and the crested bobwhite (C. cristatus), whose range stretches from Guatemala to northern Brazil. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from both the control region and the ND2 gene to study the phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of the 3 bobwhite species. We developed ecological niche models to evaluate conclusions inferred from genetic data. Colinus was composed of 2 deeply divergent lineages, 1 represented by the crested bobwhite and the other by northern and black‐throated bobwhites, both of which were genetically distinct from each other. Although the northern bobwhite had high haplotype diversity, this species exhibited evidence of past demographic and geographic expansion, no phylogeographic structure, and no congruence between genetic variation and subspecies taxonomy. Ecological niche modeling was congruent with a recent range expansion for the northern bobwhite from Late Pleistocene refugia in México and the southern United States. The black‐throated bobwhites from the Yucatán Peninsula were distinct from those in Nicaragua, and as a whole this species displayed little evidence of recent expansion. Ecological niche modeling suggested that the current, fragmented distribution of the black‐throated bobwhite has existed for the past 130,000 years. Although the crested bobwhite displayed little evidence of population expansion, the mtDNA data revealed 3–4 geographically and genetically distinct lineages. Results of niche modeling suggest that the crested bobwhite had a much wider distribution in Central and South America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Given the sensitivity of all 3 bobwhite species to climatic cycles, managers should consider impacts of climate change in addition to the loss of habitat when crafting conservation plans. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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Bobwhite（Colinus）鹌鹑的系统志

短吻鳄（Colinus）由3种与草地相关的新世界鹌鹑的异相物种组成（Odontophoridae家族）：北方短吻鳄（C. virginianus），从美国东部分布到危地马拉；黑喉bobwhite（C. nigrogularis），发生在尤卡坦半岛，尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯的零星地区；还有波峰鲍勃（C. cristatus），其范围从危地马拉一直延伸到巴西北部。我们使用了来自控制区和ND2基因的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）序列来研究这3个bobwhite物种的系统发育关系和系统地理学。我们开发了生态位模型来评估从遗传数据得出的结论。科林努斯由2个深度不同的血统组成，其中1个以有顶的鲍勃·怀特代表，另一个以北部和黑喉的鲍勃·怀特代表，两者在遗传上都互不相同。尽管北部短白鼠具有较高的单倍型多样性，但该物种显示出过去的人口统计和地理扩展证据，没有系统的地理结构，遗传变异与亚种分类法之间没有一致性。生态位建模与最近墨西哥和美国南部晚更新世避难所北部短吻鳄的范围扩展是一致的。尤卡坦半岛的黑喉水牛与尼加拉瓜的雪牛截然不同，从总体上看，该物种几乎没有新近扩张的迹象。生态位模型表明，目前，在过去的130,000年中，黑喉的鲍勃雪茄的零散分布一直存在。尽管凤头鲍勃白斑很少显示出种群扩张的迹象，但mtDNA数据揭示了3–4个地理和遗传上不同的谱系。生态位模型的结果表明，在最后一次冰河期末期，中美洲和南美洲的山顶鲍勃白斑分布更广。考虑到所有3种短吻鳄物种对气候周期的敏感性，管理人员在制定保护计划时，除了栖息地的丧失外，还应考虑气候变化的影响。©2015野生动物协会。生态位模型的结果表明，在最后一次冰河期末期，中美洲和南美洲的山顶鲍勃白斑分布更广。考虑到所有3种短吻鳄物种对气候周期的敏感性，管理人员在制定保护计划时，除了栖息地的丧失外，还应考虑气候变化的影响。©2015野生动物协会。生态位模型的结果表明，在最后一次冰河期末期，中美洲和南美洲的山顶鲍勃白斑分布更广。考虑到所有3种短吻鳄物种对气候周期的敏感性，管理人员在制定保护计划时，除了栖息地的丧失外，还应考虑气候变化的影响。©2015野生动物协会。