As is convincingly demonstrated in the target article (Simons et al., 2016, this issue), despite the numerous forms of brain training that have been tested and touted in the past 15 years, there’s little to no evidence that currently existing programs produce lasting, meaningful change in the performance of cognitive tasks that differ from the trained tasks. As detailed by Simons et al., numerous methodological issues cloud the interpretation of many studies claiming successful far transfer. These limitations include small sample sizes, passive control groups, single tests of outcomes, unblinded informant- and self-report measures of functioning, and hypothesis-inconsistent significant effects. (However, note that, with older adults, a successful result of the intervention could be to prevent decline in the training group, such that they stay at their pretest level while the control group declines.) These issues are separate from problems related to publication bias, selective reporting of significant and nonsignificant outcomes, use of unjustified one-tailed t tests, and failure to explicitly note shared data across publications. So, considering that the literature contains such potential false-positive publications (Simmons, Nelson, & Simonsohn, 2011), it may be surprising and disheartening to many that some descriptive reviews (Chacko et al., 2013; Salthouse, 2006; Simons et al., 2016) and meta-analyses (Melby-Lervåg, Redick, & Hulme, 2016; Rapport, Orban, Kofler, & Friedman, 2013) have concluded that existing cognitive-training methods are relatively ineffective, despite their popularity and increasing market share.

中文翻译：

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训练大脑的悲观主义，但应用记忆乐观

正如目标文章中令人信服地证明的那样（Simons等人，2016年，本期），尽管在过去15年中已经测试并吹捧了多种形式的大脑训练，但几乎没有证据表明当前现有的计划能产生持久的影响不同于已训练的任务，认知任务的绩效将发生有意义的变化。正如Simons等人所详述的，许多方法论问题使许多声称成功进行远距离转移的研究的解释蒙上了阴影。这些局限性包括样本量小，被动对照组，对结果的单一测试，对功能的盲目知情者和自我报告测度以及假设不一致的重大影响。（不过，请注意，对于老年人来说，干预的成功结果可能是防止培训组的人数下降，牛逼的测试，并没有明确指出整个出版物共享数据。因此，考虑到文献中包含此类潜在的假阳性出版物（Simmons，Nelson和Simonsohn，2011年），许多描述性评论可能令人感到惊讶和沮丧（Chacko等，2013； Salthouse，2006； Simons等）等人（2016）和荟萃分析（Melby-Lervåg，Redick，＆Hulme，2016; Rapport，Orban，Kofler，＆Friedman，2013）得出结论，尽管现有的认知训练方法很受欢迎且市场日益增长，但其效果相对较差。分享。