Abstract The application of biochars for the remediation of water and soils contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has seen a recent growing interest. The mechanisms of chemical immobilization of PTEs with biochars in aqueous media have been well defined. However, immobilization mechanisms by which biochars interact with PTEs in soil matrix are more complex. The biological immobilization mechanisms and their interactions with PTEs in biochar-amended soils are not as well defined. This review presents an overview of factors governing interactions of biochars with PTEs as well as the synergistic effect of biochars and microorganisms in biological immobilization processes. The effectiveness of biochars in improvement of microbial immobilization of PTEs mainly depends on biochar properties, application rates, and soil environments such as organic matter content, clay type and content, pH and redox potential. Although some modified biochars appear to be better than the pristine biochars for immobilization of PTEs, their potential adverse impacts on soil microbial activity should be considered. This review highlights the most common analytical methods to discover molecular interaction mechanisms between biochar and PTEs and future research areas required for the understanding of biochar-PTE interactions in polluted soil systems. Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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生物炭改良土壤中潜在有毒元素的化学和生物固定机制

摘要 生物炭在修复被潜在有毒元素 (PTE) 污染的水和土壤中的应用最近越来越受到关注。在水性介质中用生物炭化学固定 PTE 的机制已经得到很好的定义。然而，生物炭与土壤基质中 PTE 相互作用的固定机制更为复杂。生物固定机制及其与生物炭改良土壤中 PTE 的相互作用尚不明确。本综述概述了控制生物炭与 PTE 相互作用的因素，以及生物炭和微生物在生物固定过程中的协同作用。生物炭在改善 PTE 微生物固定化方面的有效性主要取决于生物炭的性质、施用率、和土壤环境，例如有机质含量、粘土类型和含量、pH 值和氧化还原电位。尽管一些改性生物炭在固定 PTE 方面似乎比原始生物炭更好，但应考虑它们对土壤微生物活动的潜在不利影响。本综述重点介绍了发现 biochar 和 PTE 之间分子相互作用机制的最常见分析方法，以及了解污染土壤系统中 biochar-PTE 相互作用所需的未来研究领域。图形概要 本综述重点介绍了发现 biochar 和 PTE 之间分子相互作用机制的最常见分析方法，以及了解污染土壤系统中 biochar-PTE 相互作用所需的未来研究领域。图形概要 本综述重点介绍了发现 biochar 和 PTE 之间分子相互作用机制的最常见分析方法，以及了解污染土壤系统中 biochar-PTE 相互作用所需的未来研究领域。图形概要