AIMS To determine the accuracy of a wearable sensor to detect and differentiate episodes of self-reported craving and stress in individuals with substance use disorders, and to assess acceptability, barriers, and facilitators to sensor-based monitoring in this population. METHODS This was an observational mixed methods pilot study. Adults enrolled in an outpatient treatment program for a substance use disorder wore a non-invasive wrist-mounted sensor for four days and self-reported episodes of stress and craving. Continuous physiologic data (accelerometry, skin conductance, skin temperature, and heart rate) were extracted from the sensors and analyzed via various machine learning algorithms. Semi-structured interviews were conducted upon study completion, and thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative data from semi-structured interviews. RESULTS Thirty individuals completed the protocol, and 43 % (N = 13) were female. A total of 41 craving and 104 stress events were analyzed. The differentiation accuracies of the top performing models were as follows: stress vs. non-stress states 74.5 % (AUC 0.82), craving vs. no-craving 75.7 % (AUC 0.82), and craving vs. stress 76.8 % (AUC 0.8). Overall participant perception was positive, and acceptability was high. Emergent themes from the exit interviews included a perception of connectedness and increased mindfulness related to wearing the sensor, both of which were reported as helpful to recovery. Barriers to engagement included interference with other daily wear items, and perceived stigma. CONCLUSIONS Wearable sensors can be used to objectively differentiate episodes of craving and stress, and individuals in recovery from substance use disorder are accepting of continuous monitoring with these devices.

中文翻译：

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基于可穿戴式传感器的药物滥用障碍患者治疗过程中压力和渴望的检测：一项混合方法的初步研究。

目的确定可穿戴式传感器的准确性，以检测和区分患有物质使用障碍的个体的自我报告的渴望和压力发作，并评估该人群中基于传感器的监测的可接受性，障碍和促进因素。方法这是一项观察性混合方法的初步研究。参加门诊治疗药物滥用症的成年人佩戴了无创手腕式传感器，持续了四天，并自我报告了自己的压力和渴望。从传感器中提取连续的生理数据（加速度计，皮肤电导，皮肤温度和心率），并通过各种机器学习算法进行分析。研究结束后进行半结构式访谈，并对半结构式访谈的定性数据进行主题分析。结果30名个体完成了方案，其中43％（N = 13）是女性。总共分析了41次渴望和104次压力事件。表现最佳的模型的差异准确性如下：压力与非压力状态为74.5％（AUC 0.82），渴望与不渴望状态为75.7％（AUC 0.82）和渴望与压力为76.8％（AUC 0.8） 。总体参与者的看法是积极的，可接受性很高。出口面试中出现的新主题包括与佩戴传感器有关的连接感和正念感，据报道两者均有助于康复。参与的障碍包括对其他日常穿着物品的干扰以及可耻的污名。结论可穿戴式传感器可用于客观区分渴望和压力发作，