Abstract Mosses (division Bryophyta) are characterized by the dominance of haploid, poikilohydric gametophytes, and relatively persistent sporophytes that are dependent on the gametophyte generation. Because they are poikilohydric, tend to be desiccation tolerant, and have primarily ectohydric water uptake mechanisms, the ecological requirements of mosses tend to differ from those of vascular plants. We review recent research on phylogenetic relationships and morphological and ecological diversity among mosses. Ancestral character state reconstructions illustrate the evolution of habitat preferences and the relationships between these and morphological variation. These reconstructions reveal the convergent evolution of both epiphytic and aquatic habitat preferences, as well as several reversals from epiphytic to other terrestrial habitats. Morphological character states connected to ectohydry, such as lack of water-conducting stem central strands, may be more prone to adaption driven by environmental conditions, while connections between endohydry and environmental conditions remain ambiguous and require further study. The distribution of the most elaborate endohydric water-conducting structures may be phylogenetically determined rather than resulting from adaptation to habitats. Among the early diverging lineages in the Bryophyta, shifts to cladocarpy may be connected to epiphytic lifestyles. We discuss ecological drivers of aspects of plant architecture including acrocarpous, pleurocarpous and cladocarpous perichaetial positions, and sporophytic reductions, the latter being common in dry, frequently disturbed terrestrial environments and in epiphytic habitats, but also occasionally found in aquatic habitats.

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苔藓的进化多样性——分类异质性及其生态驱动力

摘要 苔藓（苔藓植物科）的特征是单倍体、异水配子体和依赖配子体产生的相对持久的孢子体占优势。因为它们是变水的，往往是耐干燥的，并且主要具有外水吸收机制，所以苔藓的生态要求往往不同于维管植物的生态要求。我们回顾了最近关于苔藓的系统发育关系以及形态和生态多样性的研究。祖先特征状态重建说明了栖息地偏好的演变以及这些与形态变化之间的关系。这些重建揭示了附生和水生栖息地偏好的趋同演化，以及从附生到其他陆地栖息地的几次逆转。与外水体相关的形态特征状态，例如缺乏导水茎中央链，可能更容易受到环境条件驱动的适应，而内水体和环境条件之间的联系仍然不明确，需要进一步研究。最复杂的内水导水结构的分布可能是由系统发育决定的，而不是由对栖息地的适应引起的。在苔藓植物的早期分化谱系中，向枝果的转变可能与附生的生活方式有关。我们讨论了植物结构各方面的生态驱动因素，包括顶果、胸果和枝果周生位置，以及孢子体减少，后者在干燥、经常受到干扰的陆地环境和附生生境中很常见，