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Xenophagy in cancer.
Seminars in Cancer Biology ( IF 14.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.015
Veena Ammanathan 1 , Somya Vats 1 , Irine Maria Abraham 1 , Ravi Manjithaya 1
Affiliation  

Macroautophagy (herein autophagy) is an intracellular pathway in which cytoplasmic components are captured by double-membrane vesicles (autophagosomes) that eventually fuse with lysosomes to degrade the cargo. Basal levels of autophagy in all eukaryotic cells maintain cellular homeostasis and under conditions of stress, organelles and proteins not essential for survival are degraded. Apart from these functions, cargoes like aggregated proteins, damaged organelles and intracellular pathogens, which are otherwise harmful to cells, are also selectively captured by autophagy and are destined for degradation. In terms of infectious diseases, pathogens are cleared by a specific form of autophagy known as xenophagy. This lysosomal mediated degradation of pathogens also increases the antigen presentation of cells thereby inducing a further immune response. The process of xenophagy provides a broad spectrum of defense mechanism to capture bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. However, pathogens have developed ingenious mechanisms to modulate xenophagy to enhance their intracellular survival. Meanwhile, certain pathogens also induce deleterious effects such as chronic inflammation and overexpression of oncogenes in the host system. This over time can increase the susceptibility of the host for tumorigenesis. Hence targeting tumor through anti-microbial mechanisms like xenophagy could be a novel strategy for combinatorial anti-cancer therapy. The recent developments in understanding the role of xenophagy in combating cancer causing pathogens will be discussed in this review.



中文翻译:

癌症中的异体吞噬。

巨自噬(此处称为自噬)是一种细胞内途径,其中细胞质成分被双膜囊泡(自噬体)捕获,最终与溶酶体融合以降解货物。所有真核细胞中自噬的基础水平维持细胞稳态,在压力条件下,细胞器和对生存非必需的蛋白质会降解。除了这些功能外,聚集蛋白、受损细胞器和细胞内病原体等对细胞有害的货物也被自噬选择性捕获并注定降解。就传染病而言,病原体被一种称为异种自噬的特定形式的自噬清除。这种溶酶体介导的病原体降解也增加了细胞的抗原呈递,从而诱导进一步的免疫反应。异种过程提供了广泛的防御机制来捕获细菌、病毒和原生动物病原体。然而,病原体已经开发出巧妙的机制来调节异体吞噬以提高它们的细胞内存活率。同时,某些病原体也会引起有害影响,例如慢性炎症和宿主系统中癌基因的过度表达。随着时间的推移,这会增加宿主对肿瘤发生的易感性。因此,通过诸如异体吞噬的抗微生物机制靶向肿瘤可能是组合抗癌治疗的新策略。本综述将讨论在了解异体吞噬在对抗致癌病原体方面的作用方面的最新进展。然而,病原体已经开发出巧妙的机制来调节异体吞噬以提高它们的细胞内存活率。同时,某些病原体也会引起有害影响,例如慢性炎症和宿主系统中癌基因的过度表达。随着时间的推移,这会增加宿主对肿瘤发生的易感性。因此,通过诸如异体吞噬的抗微生物机制靶向肿瘤可能是组合抗癌治疗的新策略。本综述将讨论在了解异体吞噬在对抗致癌病原体方面的作用方面的最新进展。然而,病原体已经开发出巧妙的机制来调节异体吞噬以提高它们的细胞内存活率。同时,某些病原体也会引起有害影响,例如慢性炎症和宿主系统中癌基因的过度表达。随着时间的推移,这会增加宿主对肿瘤发生的易感性。因此,通过诸如异体吞噬的抗微生物机制靶向肿瘤可能是组合抗癌治疗的新策略。本综述将讨论在了解异体吞噬在对抗致癌病原体方面的作用方面的最新进展。某些病原体还会诱导有害影响,例如慢性炎症和宿主系统中癌基因的过度表达。随着时间的推移,这会增加宿主对肿瘤发生的易感性。因此,通过诸如异体吞噬的抗微生物机制靶向肿瘤可能是组合抗癌治疗的新策略。本综述将讨论在了解异体吞噬在对抗致癌病原体方面的作用方面的最新进展。某些病原体还会诱导有害影响,例如慢性炎症和宿主系统中癌基因的过度表达。随着时间的推移,这会增加宿主对肿瘤发生的易感性。因此,通过诸如异体吞噬的抗微生物机制靶向肿瘤可能是组合抗癌治疗的新策略。本综述将讨论在了解异体吞噬在对抗致癌病原体方面的作用方面的最新进展。

更新日期:2020-02-29
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