Inadequate and excessive use of antibiotics in humans, animals, and plants has been identified among the key drivers of antibiotic resistance (ABR). In human medicine, the great majority of antibiotics are prescribed in the outpatient sector with profound differences in antibiotic consumption across various geographical scales and between health care sectors; raising questions around the underlying drivers.

Moving beyond individual patient-related determinants, determinants of antibiotic use in the outpatient sector were categorized as compositional, contextual and collective, enabling an analysis of potential area effects on antibiotic use. 592 variables identified in 73 studies were sorted into 46 determinant groups. Compositional determinants provided the strongest evidence with age, education, employment, income, and morbidity exhibiting a clear influence on antibiotic use. Regarding contextual and collective determinants, deprivation, variables around health care services, Hofstede's dimensions of national culture and regulation affect antibiotic use.

The results are biased towards high-income and western countries, often relying on secondary data. However, the findings can be used as signposts for associations of certain variables with antibiotic use, thereby enabling further research and guiding interventions.

在人类，动物和植物中，抗生素使用不足和过量已被确定为抗生素耐药性（ABR）的主要驱动因素。在人类医学中，门诊部门开出了绝大多数抗生素，不同地区和医疗部门之间的抗生素消费差异很大。围绕基本驱动因素提出问题。

除了与患者相关的个体决定因素外，门诊部门抗生素使用的决定因素还可以分为成分，背景和集体三大类，从而可以分析潜在区域对抗生素使用的影响。在73项研究中确定的592个变量被分为46个决定因素组。组成决定因素提供了最有力的证据，年龄，教育程度，就业，收入和发病率均对抗生素的使用产生明显影响。关于背景和集体决定因素，剥夺，医疗保健服务周围的变量，霍夫斯泰德的国家文化和法规范围影响抗生素的使用。

结果偏向于高收入和西方国家，通常依赖于二手数据。但是，这些发现可以用作某些变量与抗生素使用相关联的路标，从而可以进行进一步的研究和指导干预措施。