Anthropogenic activity has increased human exposure to metals and resulted in metal induced toxicity. Essential trace elements like cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) are best known for their roles as important cofactors in many enzymes involved in signalling, metabolism, and response to oxidative stress. However, deficiencies as well as long-term overexposure to these metals can result in negative health effects. Co has been associated with cardiomyopathy, lung disease, and hearing damage, while Ni is a known carcinogen, as well as a common sensitizing metal. Mn is best classified as a neurotoxicant that causes a disorder alike to idiopathic Parkinson's disease known as Manganism. Although the mechanisms of Co, Ni, and Mn toxicity are complex and have yet to be fully elucidated, research over the years has provided useful insights into understanding metal-induced detrimental effects at the cellular and molecular level. One area of research that has been explored in less detail are metal interactions with lipids and biological membranes, which are a potentially critical target as membranes are the first point of contact for cells. This review covers the current understandings of Co, Ni and Mn toxicity, in terms of human exposure, homeostasis and mechanisms of transport, potential cellular targets, and, of primary focus, metal interactions with lipid and biomembranes. A variety of effects like membrane rigidification, leakage affecting membrane potentials, lipid phase changes, alterations in lipid metabolism and changes of cellular morphology illustrate the vast potential for metal-based membrane effects contributing to their toxicity.

中文翻译：

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Co，Ni和Mn毒性的机理：从暴露和体内稳态到它们与脂质和生物膜的相互作用以及对脂质和生物膜的影响。

人为活动增加了人类对金属的接触并导致了金属诱导的毒性。诸如钴（Co），镍（Ni）和锰（Mn）之类的必需微量元素以其在许多涉及信号传导，代谢和对氧化应激反应的酶中作为重要辅因子的作用而闻名。但是，这些金属的缺乏以及长期过度接触会对健康造成负面影响。Co与心肌病，肺疾病和听力损伤有关，而Ni是已知的致癌物，也是常见的致敏金属。Mn最能归类为神经毒剂，可引起类似于特发性帕金森氏病（称为锰症）的疾病。尽管Co，Ni和Mn的毒性机理很复杂，并且尚未完全阐明，多年来的研究为了解金属在细胞和分子水平上的有害作用提供了有用的见识。金属与脂质和生物膜的相互作用是研究的一个较不深入的领域，由于膜是细胞的第一接触点，因此它们是潜在的关键靶标。这篇综述涵盖了对Co，Ni和Mn毒性的当前理解，涉及人体暴露，体内稳态和运输机制，潜在的细胞靶标，以及主要关注金属与脂质和生物膜的相互作用。各种影响，例如膜硬化，泄漏影响膜电位，脂质相变，