Ion exchange is a proven process for radioactive wastewater decontamination, where inorganic sorbents are ideal due to their thermal, chemical and radiation stability. This review focuses on the removal of Cs⁺ by inorganic exchangers, viz. zeolites, titanosilicates, hexacyanoferrates metal oxides and hydrous metal oxides, bentonite/clays and the key family of ammonium phosphomolybdates (AMPs). The design of new selective composites is also addressed focusing on those based on AMPs, hexacyanoferrates and titanosilicates/zeolites. Future inorganic Cs⁺ exchangers will encompass promising solids, like lanthanide silicates, sodium titanates and metal sulfides. The sensing ability derived from the photoluminescence properties of lanthanide silicates and the efficiency of layered gallium-antimony-sulfide materials in acidic and basic solutions disclose considerable potential for real applications. The ion exchange systems are discussed in terms of sorbent capacity and selectivity (with competitors), pH, temperature and solution salinity. The microscopic features of the exchangers and the associated mechanisms (e.g., pore size, counterions radii, dehydration energy of the ions, coordination environments in the solid exchanger, and site accessibility) are always used for interpreting the ion exchange behavior. On the whole, more than 250 publications were reviewed and a large compilation of data is provided in Supplemental Material.

离子交换是放射性废水净化的可靠方法，无机吸附剂因其热，化学和辐射稳定性而非常理想。这篇综述集中在无机交换剂对Cs ⁺的去除上。沸石，钛硅酸盐，六氰合铁酸盐金属氧化物和水合金属氧化物，膨润土/粘土以及磷钼酸铵（AMPs）的关键族。还针对新的选择性复合材料的设计进行了研究，重点是基于AMP，六氰合铁酸盐和钛硅酸盐/沸石的复合材料。未来的无机Cs ⁺交换剂将包含有前途的固体，例如镧系硅酸盐，钛酸钠和金属硫化物。从镧系硅酸盐的光致发光特性得出的传感能力以及在酸性和碱性溶液中层状镓-锑-硫化物材料的效率在实际应用中显示出巨大的潜力。讨论了离子交换系统的吸附剂容量和选择性（与竞争者），pH，温度和溶液盐度。交换器的微观特征和相关机制（例如，孔径，抗衡离子半径，离子的脱水能，固体交换器中的配位环境和位置可及性）始终用于解释离子交换行为。总体上，