Abstract Despite the great prospects of reverse electrodialysis (RED), which directly transforms salinity gradient energy into electricity, new efforts focusing on its optimization are still required before large-scale implementation. RED performance is determined by numerous variables including (i) membrane properties, (ii) compartment and spacer design, (iii) stream concentrations defining salinity gradient, (iv) flow velocity and fluidodynamics. Among them, low salinity stream (LC) concentration and feed flow rates are key operation variables with great impact on power output; thus, this work approaches their parametric analysis through modeling tools. Initially, as novel study, LC salinity influence was deeply analyzed by quantifying its relative contribution to the overall internal resistance while determining the rest of all ohmic and non-ohmic components. Seawater was selected as high concentrated solution (HC), 0.55 M NaCl, due to its global availability for RED exploitation. LC and Reynolds number analysis are needed to select suitable water sources and devise new strategies to adapt RED performance. LC salinity of 0.02 M NaCl and ReHC = 3.4 and ReLC = 7 allowed to reach the highest net power density. A previously developed mathematical model was used, with simulated results validated in a laboratory-scale plant, offering valuable input for future decision-making in RED operation and upscaling.

中文翻译：

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操作变量对反电渗析性能影响的综合研究

摘要 尽管将盐度梯度能量直接转化为电能的反向电渗析（RED）具有广阔的前景，但在大规模实施之前仍需要对其优化进行新的努力。RED 性能由许多变量决定，包括 (i) 膜特性、(ii) 隔室和隔板设计、(iii) 定义盐度梯度的流浓度、(iv) 流速和流体动力学。其中，低盐度流（LC）浓度和进料流量是关键操作变量，对功率输出影响很大；因此，这项工作通过建模工具进行参数分析。最初，作为新颖的研究，通过量化其对整体内阻的相对贡献，同时确定所有欧姆和非欧姆成分的其余部分，对 LC 盐度的影响进行了深入分析。海水被选为高浓度溶液 (HC)，0.55 M NaCl，因为它在全球范围内可用于 RED 开发。需要 LC 和雷诺数分析来选择合适的水源并设计新的策略来适应 RED 性能。0.02 M NaCl 和 ReHC = 3.4 和 ReLC = 7 的 LC 盐度允许达到最高的净功率密度。使用先前开发的数学模型，模拟结果在实验室规模的工厂中得到验证，为未来 RED 运营和升级的决策提供有价值的输入。由于其在全球范围内可用于 RED 开发。需要 LC 和雷诺数分析来选择合适的水源并设计新的策略来适应 RED 性能。0.02 M NaCl 和 ReHC = 3.4 和 ReLC = 7 的 LC 盐度允许达到最高的净功率密度。使用先前开发的数学模型，模拟结果在实验室规模的工厂中得到验证，为未来 RED 运营和升级的决策提供宝贵的输入。由于其在全球范围内可用于 RED 开发。需要 LC 和雷诺数分析来选择合适的水源并设计新的策略来适应 RED 性能。0.02 M NaCl 和 ReHC = 3.4 和 ReLC = 7 的 LC 盐度允许达到最高的净功率密度。使用先前开发的数学模型，模拟结果在实验室规模的工厂中得到验证，为未来 RED 运营和升级的决策提供有价值的输入。