Catalytic conversion (hydrolysis) of carbohydrate polymers present in the lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars is a key step in the production of bioethanol. Although, acid and enzymatic catalysts are conventionally used for the catalysis of various lignocellulosic biomass, recently application of immobilized enzymes (biocatalysts) have been considered as the most promising approach. Immobilization of different biocatalysts such as cellulase, β-glucosidase, cellobiose, xylanase, laccase, etc. on support materials including nanomaterials to form nanobiocatalyst increases catalytic efficacy and stability of enzymes. Moreover, immobilization of biocatalysts on magnetic nanoparticles (magnetic nanobiocatalysts) facilitates easy recovery and reuse of biocatalysts. Therefore, utilization of nanobiocatalysts for catalysis of lignocellulosic biomass is helpful for the development of cost-effective and ecofriendly approach. In this review, we have discussed various conventional methods of hydrolysis and their limitations. Special emphasis has been made on nanobiocatalysts used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, the other most important aspects, like nanofiltration of biomass, conversion of lignocellulose to nanocellulose, and toxicological issues associated with application of nanomaterials are also discussed.

存在于木质纤维素生物质中的碳水化合物聚合物催化转化（水解）为可发酵糖是生物乙醇生产中的关键步骤。尽管通常将酸和酶催化剂用于各种木质纤维素生物质的催化，但是近来应用固定化酶（生物催化剂）被认为是最有前途的方法。将不同的生物催化剂，例如纤维素酶，β-葡萄糖苷酶，纤维二糖，木聚糖酶，漆酶等固定化在包括纳米材料的载体材料上以形成纳米生物催化剂，从而提高了酶的催化效力和稳定性。此外，将生物催化剂固定在磁性纳米颗粒（磁性纳米生物催化剂）上有利于生物催化剂的容易回收和再利用。因此，利用纳米生物催化剂催化木质纤维素生物质有助于开发具有成本效益和生态友好的方法。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了各种常规的水解方法及其局限性。已经特别强调了用于水解木质纤维素生物质的纳米生物催化剂。此外，还讨论了其他最重要的方面，例如生物量的纳米过滤，木质纤维素向纳米纤维素的转化以及与纳米材料应用相关的毒理学问题。