Vip3A proteins are widely used for controlling pest Lepidoptera. Different binding sites with different receptors in the insect midgut membrane and lack of cross-resistance with crystal (Cry) proteins enhance their applicability, as both single proteins and proteins pyramided with Cry proteins in transgenic Bt crops. Vip3A proteins are effective but there is relatively little information about their structure, function, activation, specificity, and mode of action. In addition, the mechanism of insect resistance to these proteins is unknown. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment showed that Vip3A proteins are genetically distant from Cry proteins. The mode of action and insecticidal activity of Vip3A proteins are discussed in this review. This review also provides detailed information about the Vip3A protein family that may aid in the design of more efficient pest management strategies in response to insect resistance to insecticidal proteins. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

中文翻译：

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苏云金芽孢杆菌营养杀虫蛋白家族Vip3A及其对害虫鳞翅目的作用方式。

Vip3A蛋白被广泛用于控制鳞翅目害虫。昆虫中肠膜中具有不同受体的不同结合位点以及与晶体（Cry）蛋白缺乏交叉抗性增强了它们的适用性，因为单个蛋白和与Cry蛋白呈锥体状的蛋白在转基因Bt作物中均如此。Vip3A蛋白很有效，但是关于其结构，功能，激活，特异性和作用方式的信息相对较少。另外，昆虫对这些蛋白质的抗性机理尚不清楚。系统发育分析和多序列比对表明，Vip3A蛋白与Cry蛋白在遗传上距离较远。在这篇综述中讨论了Vip3A蛋白的作用方式和杀虫活性。这篇综述还提供了有关Vip3A蛋白家族的详细信息，这些信息可能有助于设计更有效的害虫管理策略，以应对昆虫对杀虫蛋白的抗性。©2020年化学工业协会。