Abstract

Effective strategies in cardiac tissue engineering require matrices that recapitulate the mechanical, topographic and electrical cues present in the native extracellular matrix. In this review, we discuss recent efforts in materials science and nanotechnology to achieve functional three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds that modulate and monitor cardiac tissue function. We consider key design considerations, including choice of biopolymer matrix, cell sources, and delivery methods for eventual therapies. We then discuss how solid-state nanomaterials may be integrated within these systems to provide unique electrical and nanotopographic cues that improve electromechanical synchrony. We describe how these approaches may be extended to complex, spatially heterogeneous constructs using 3D bioprinting techniques. Finally, we describe how scaffold materials may be augmented with bioelectronic components to achieve hybrid myocardium that monitors or controls electrophysiological activity. Collectively, these approaches provide a framework for achieving cardiac tissues with tunable, rationally-designed functionalities. We discuss future prospects and remaining challenges for clinical translation.

中文翻译：

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从仿生学到生物电子学：用于心脏组织工程的智能材料

摘要

心脏组织工程中的有效策略需要能够概括天然细胞外基质中存在的机械，地形和电学线索的矩阵。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了材料科学和纳米技术方面的最新工作，以实现可调节和监测心脏组织功能的功能性三维（3D）支架。我们考虑关键的设计考虑因素，包括生物聚合物基质的选择，细胞来源以及最终疗法的递送方法。然后，我们讨论如何将固态纳米材料集成到这些系统中，以提供独特的电学和纳米形貌线索，从而改善机电同步性。我们描述了如何使用3D生物打印技术将这些方法扩展到复杂的空间异质结构。最后，我们描述了如何将支架材料与生物电子组件一起增加，以实现可监测或控制电生理活动的混合心肌。总的来说，这些方法为通过可调，合理设计的功能获得心脏组织提供了框架。我们讨论了临床翻译的未来前景和尚存的挑战。