Polymeric carbon nitrides (PCNs) are promising photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for water oxidation, as they are environmentally benign materials with an adjustable structure and facilely synthesized from inexpensive and abundant starting materials. In this minireview, we examine the state-of-the-art strategies for tailoring PCNs for efficient photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photoelectrochemical water oxidation, including heteroatom doping and interface engineering from band structure alignment (e.g., by coupling inorganic or organic semiconductors) to hybridization with nanoscale cocatalysts (e.g., nanosheets, nanoarrays, nanoparticles, and quantum dots) and sub-nanoscale cocatalysts (e.g., metallic molecular clusters and single-atom catalysts). Through establishing the structure–activity correlations, we aim to present a clear roadmap for providing insights into the design strategies, structure modification, and the improved catalytic performances of PCN-based materials in different catalytic water oxidation processes. For future guidance, we also propose some outlooks on the perspective and challenges of PCNs towards a better application in catalytic water oxidation.

中文翻译：

---

用于水氧化的功能性氮化碳材料：从杂原子掺杂到界面工程

聚合碳氮化物（PCN）是有前途的光催化剂，可用于水氧化，因为它们是环境友好的材料，具有可调节的结构，并且可以轻松地由廉价且丰富的起始原料合成。在此小型审查中，我们研究了定制PCN的最新策略，以进行有效的光催化，电催化和光电化学水氧化，包括杂原子掺杂和能带结构对齐（例如，通过耦合无机或有机半导体）到界面工程的界面工程与纳米级助催化剂（例如纳米片，纳米阵列，纳米颗粒和量子点）和亚纳米级助催化剂（例如，金属分子簇和单原子催化剂）。通过建立结构与活性之间的关系，我们旨在提供一条清晰的路线图，以提供有关PCN基材料在不同催化水氧化过程中的设计策略，结构修饰和改进的催化性能的见解。为了将来的指导，我们还对PCN的观点和挑战提出了一些展望，以更好地应用于催化水氧化。