The rapidly growing field of miniaturized smart electronics has forced us to search for compatible microscale power sources with reliable electrochemical performance, various form factors, manufacturing scalability, and safety [1–5]. Among the several power sources reported to date, planar micro-batteries, which are characterized by geometrical superiority over simple-stacked ones, have recently garnered considerable attention due to the simple miniaturization, facile serial/parallel integration, mechanical flexibility, and removal of conventional separator membranes [6]. Lithium-based thin-film micro-batteries have been extensively investigated; however, the complex manufacturing processes and flammable organic electrolyteinduced safety concerns pose a formidable barrier to their practical applications. To address this issue, aqueous-based non-lithium planar micro-batteries are suggested as a promising alternative beyond the aforementioned lithium-based ones. They can be fabricated through various printing techniques including inkjet, screen, gravure, and 3D printing [7].

中文翻译：

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用于智能电子产品的可扩展且更安全的印刷 Zn//MnO2 平面微型电池

小型化智能电子产品领域的快速发展迫使我们寻找具有可靠电化学性能、各种形状因素、制造可扩展性和安全性的兼容微型电源 [1-5]。在迄今为止报道的几种电源中，平面微电池的特点是几何上优于简单堆叠的电池，由于简单的小型化、容易的串行/并行集成、机械灵活性和去除传统的分离膜[6]。锂基薄膜微电池已被广泛研究；然而，复杂的制造工艺和易燃有机电解质引起的安全问题对其实际应用构成了巨大障碍。为了解决这个问题，水基非锂平面微电池被认为是超越上述锂基电池的有前途的替代品。它们可以通过各种打印技术制造，包括喷墨、丝网、凹版印刷和 3D 打印 [7]。