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Short vs. long-term procurement contracts when supplier can invest in cost reduction
International Journal of Production Economics ( IF 12.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107652
Gilles Merckx , Aadhaar Chaturvedi

Abstract In dynamic markets where cost of components changes fast, buyers typically auction off regular short-term contracts to fully leverage supplier competition in each period to continuously source from the lowest-cost supplier. However, too much competition through short-term contracts does not incentivize the incumbent supplier to make relation-specific investments in reducing costs, as future business is not assured. We investigate this trade-off, between leveraging supplier competition in each period versus incentivizing incumbent’s investment, with a stylized two-period model in which the buyer decides whether to auction off short-term contracts in each period or auction off a single long-term contract spanning both periods. In both cases, we characterize the optimal incumbent supplier’s investment, the suppliers’ equilibrium bidding strategy and the buyer’s expected cost. Our analysis shows that the supplier always invests more in a long-term contract. However, the buyer’s cost depends on supply base size: it prefers short-term contracts for large supply base size, otherwise it prefers long-term contract. Moreover, we find that system cost is typically lower with short-term contracts and that the suppliers are always better off with short-term contracts. Finally, adding non-discriminatory or discriminatory reserve prices to our model does not fundamentally modify the trade-off, but we find that auctions with discriminatory reserve price are better at balancing this trade-off compared to long or short-term contracts.

中文翻译:

供应商可以投资降低成本时的短期与长期采购合同

摘要 在组件成本快速变化的动态市场中,买家通常会拍卖定期的短期合同,以充分利用每个时期的供应商竞争,不断从成本最低的供应商处采购。然而,通过短期合同进行的过多竞争并不能激励现有供应商进行特定关系投资以降低成本,因为未来的业务并不确定。我们研究了这种权衡,即利用每个时期的供应商竞争与激励现有企业的投资之间的权衡,并使用一种风格化的两期模型,在该模型中,买方决定是拍卖每个时期的短期合同还是拍卖单个长期合同跨越两个时期的合同。在这两种情况下,我们描述了最佳现有供应商的投资,供应商的均衡投标策略和买方的预期成本。我们的分析表明,供应商总是在长期合同上投入更多。但是,买方的成本取决于供应基地规模:对于大型供应基地规模,它更喜欢短期合同,否则更喜欢长期合同。此外,我们发现短期合同的系统成本通常较低,而短期合同的供应商总是更好。最后,在我们的模型中添加非歧视性或歧视性底价并不会从根本上改变权衡,但我们发现,与长期或短期合同相比,具有歧视性底价的拍卖更能平衡这种权衡。买方的成本取决于供应基地规模:如果供应基地规模大,则更喜欢短期合同,否则更喜欢长期合同。此外,我们发现短期合同的系统成本通常较低,而短期合同的供应商总是更好。最后,在我们的模型中添加非歧视性或歧视性底价并不会从根本上改变权衡,但我们发现,与长期或短期合同相比,具有歧视性底价的拍卖更能平衡这种权衡。买方的成本取决于供应基地规模:如果供应基地规模大,则更喜欢短期合同,否则更喜欢长期合同。此外,我们发现短期合同的系统成本通常较低,而短期合同的供应商总是更好。最后,在我们的模型中添加非歧视性或歧视性底价并不会从根本上改变权衡,但我们发现,与长期或短期合同相比,具有歧视性底价的拍卖更能平衡这种权衡。我们发现短期合同的系统成本通常较低,而短期合同的供应商总是更好。最后,在我们的模型中添加非歧视性或歧视性底价并不会从根本上改变权衡,但我们发现,与长期或短期合同相比,具有歧视性底价的拍卖更能平衡这种权衡。我们发现短期合同的系统成本通常较低,而短期合同的供应商总是更好。最后,在我们的模型中添加非歧视性或歧视性底价并不会从根本上改变权衡,但我们发现,与长期或短期合同相比,具有歧视性底价的拍卖更能平衡这种权衡。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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