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Structure and development of the complex helmet of treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae).
Zoological Letters ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-24 , DOI: 10.1186/s40851-020-00155-7
Haruhiko Adachi 1 , Keisuke Matsuda 1 , Kenji Nishida 2 , Paul Hanson 3 , Shigeru Kondo 1 , Hiroki Gotoh 4, 5
Affiliation  

Some insects possess complex three-dimensional (3D) structures that develop under the old cuticle prior to the last imaginal molt. Adult treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae) have one such complex 3D structure, known as a helmet, on their dorsal side. The adult helmet likely forms inside the nymphal pronotum during the final instar nymphal stage. Previous morphological studies have reported that the adult helmet is a large, bi-layered, plywood-like structure, whereas the nymphal pronotum is a monolayer, sheath-like structure. The adult helmet is much larger than nymphal helmet. Thus, the emergence of the adult helmet involves two structural transitions: a transition from a monolayer, sheath-like pronotum to a bi-layer, plywood-like helmet, and a transition in size from small to large. However, when, how, and in what order these transitions occur within the nymphal cuticle is largely unknown. To determine how adult helmet development occurs under the nymphal cuticle, in the present study we describe the morphology of the final adult helmet and investigate developmental trajectories of the helmet during the final instar nymphal stage. We used micro-CT, scanning electron microscope and paraffin sections for morphological observations, and used Antianthe expansa as a model species. We found that the structural transition (from monolayer, sheath-like structure to bi-layer, roof-like structure) occurs through the formation of a "miniature" of the adult helmet during the middle stage of development and that subsequently, extensive folding and furrows form, which account for the increase in size. We suggest that the making of a "miniature" is the key developmental step for the formation of various 3D structures of treehopper helmets.

中文翻译:

蚱hopper复杂头盔的结构和开发(昆虫纲:半翅目:膜酸科)。

一些昆虫具有复杂的三维(3D)结构,这些结构在最后一个假想蜕皮之前的旧表皮下发育。成年树蝉(昆虫纲:半翅目:棘突纲:膜状目)在其背侧具有这样一种复杂的3D结构,称为头盔。在最后的成虫若虫阶段,成年头盔很可能在若虫前胸膜内部形成。先前的形态学研究已经报道,成年头盔是大型的双层胶合板状结构,而若虫前胸背板则是单层的鞘状结构。成人头盔比仙女头盔大得多。因此,成人头盔的出现涉及两个结构过渡:从单层鞘状前胸膜到双层胶合板状头盔的过渡,以及尺寸从小到大的过渡。但是,何时,如何,这些转变以何种顺序在若虫角质层内发生是未知的。为了确定成年头盔在若虫角质层下如何发生,在本研究中,我们描述了最终成年头盔的形态,并调查了成年若虫阶段的头盔发育轨迹。我们使用微型CT,扫描电子显微镜和石蜡切片进行形态学观察,并以安地那松为模型物种。我们发现结构过渡(从单层,鞘状结构到双层,屋顶状结构)是通过在开发的中间阶段形成成人头盔的“缩影”而发生的,随后发生了广泛的折叠和沟形式,其导致尺寸增加。我们建议制作一个“
更新日期:2020-04-22
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