Developing advanced membranes with both high permeance and selectivity to enable ultrafast and efficient separation is a persistent pursuit by materials scientists. In recent years, diverse ultrathin membranes with nanometer‐scale thickness and unique membrane structures have been developed. These materials show ultrahigh permeance and excellent selectivity in water desalination, dye rejection, oil–water purification, and gas separation applications. Herein, current state‐of‐the‐art ultrathin membranes are introduced, including polyamide membranes, diamond‐like carbon membranes, single‐walled carbon nanotube network membranes, metal hydroxide nanostrand network membranes, protein membranes, and graphene laminar membranes and their derivatives. The designs, fabrication techniques, and performance advantages of these ultrathin membranes are discussed. A summary of the remaining challenges and potential future directions are also presented.

中文翻译：

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超薄膜：超快和高效分离的新机会

开发具有高渗透性和选择性的先进膜以实现超快速和有效的分离是材料科学家的不懈追求。近年来，已开发出具有纳米级厚度和独特膜结构的各种超薄膜。这些材料在水脱盐，染料去除，油水净化和气体分离应用中显示出超高的渗透性和出色的选择性。本文介绍了当前最先进的超薄膜，包括聚酰胺膜，类金刚石碳膜，单壁碳纳米管网络膜，金属氢氧化物纳米链网络膜，蛋白质膜和石墨烯层状膜及其衍生物。设计，制作技巧，讨论了这些超薄膜的性能优势。还总结了剩余的挑战和潜在的未来方向。