Abstract Abrasion plays an important role in several types of applications, such as: manufacturing processes involving material removal; attainment of engineered surfaces applied to different tribosystems; selection of surface finishing to promote an adequate contact between surfaces; wear and failure of components; among others. Moreover, the abrasive mechanisms in service will, in part, depend on materials and their properties, including their microstructures, which are often responsible for mechanical and damage behaviors. In this aspect, a study in micro-scale can contribute to improve the design of materials and allow the prediction of their response in different applications. The aim of the present work is to investigate the most relevant parameters and conditions involving the abrasive mechanisms in steels. Therefore, a methodology was developed to quantify the tribological and mechanical results in the micro-scale. To reach this goal, FEM numerical models considering different material microstructures were developed, which were validated through experimental tests. The tribological behavior was evaluated using micro-scratch tests under constant normal load, using a cono-spherical tip with 10 μm diameter, similar to an abrasive particle, which slide over five groups of ferrous materials: (i) homogeneous soft material; (ii) heterogeneous soft material with soft second phase particles: (iii) heterogeneous soft material with hard second phase particles; (iv) homogeneous hard material; and (v) heterogeneous hard material with hard second phase particles. The range of normal load studied was selected based on the dominant abrasive micro-mechanisms, from micro-ploughing to micro-cutting. Damage model with element deletion was also applied to evaluate the material removal due to abrasion and the analysis was based on factors such as worn volume and specific energy during the scratch. The results indicate that: (a) hard second phase particles promote a local decrease of depth of penetration and volume removed and, as a consequence, an increase in the specific energy; (b) soft second phase particles tend to follow the deformation behavior of the matrix, and they can provide some oscillations of the specific energy depending on the applied normal load; and (c) computational approach is validated with experimental findings, indicating that main differences can be assigned to adhesion and crystallographic orientation of the grains, which have not been considered in the modelling. The numerical results allowed drawing a quantitative map of the abrasion resistance of the different steels evaluated as a function of the ratio between hardness of deformed materials and attack angle. The microstructure effects on the abrasion are established and can be incorporated into analyses to improve the design of materials.

中文翻译：

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应用于均质和异质材料微划痕测试的机械行为和磨蚀机制映射：有限元法和实验分析

摘要 磨损在多种类型的应用中发挥着重要作用，例如：涉及材料去除的制造过程；实现应用于不同摩擦系统的工程表面；选择表面处理以促进表面之间的充分接触；部件磨损和故障；其中。此外，服役中的磨蚀机制部分取决于材料及其特性，包括它们的微观结构，这些微观结构通常是造成机械和损坏行为的原因。在这方面，微观尺度的研究有助于改进材料的设计，并允许预测它们在不同应用中的响应。目前工作的目的是研究涉及钢中磨损机制的最相关参数和条件。所以，开发了一种方法来量化微观尺度的摩擦学和机械结果。为了实现这一目标，开发了考虑不同材料微观结构的 FEM 数值模型，并通过实验测试进行了验证。在恒定法向载荷下使用微划痕测试评估摩擦学行​​为，使用直径为 10 μm 的锥形尖端，类似于磨料颗粒，在五组黑色金属材料上滑动：（i）均质软材料；(ii) 具有软第二相颗粒的异质软材料： (iii) 具有硬第二相颗粒的异质软材料；(iv) 均质硬质材料；(v) 具有硬质第二相颗粒的异质硬质材料。所研究的法向载荷范围是根据主要的磨料微观机制选择的，从微耕到微割。还应用了带有元素删除的损伤模型来评估由于磨损造成的材料去除，并且分析是基于磨损量和划痕过程中的比能等因素。结果表明： (a) 硬的第二相颗粒促进了渗透深度和去除体积的局部减小，从而增加了比能；(b) 软的第二相粒子倾向于跟随基体的变形行为，并且它们可以根据施加的法向载荷提供一些特定能量的振荡；(c) 计算方法通过实验结果得到验证，表明主要差异可以归因于晶粒的粘附和结晶取向，而这些在建模中并未考虑在内。数值结果允许绘制不同钢的耐磨性的定量图，评估为变形材料硬度和攻角之间的比率的函数。微观结构对磨损的影响已经建立，可以纳入分析以改进材料的设计。