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Mesenchymal stromal cells mediated delivery of photoactive nanoparticles inhibits osteosarcoma growth in vitro and in a murine in vivo ectopic model.
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research ( IF 11.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-22 , DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01548-4
Stefania Lenna 1, 2 , Chiara Bellotti 1 , Serena Duchi 3 , Elisa Martella 3 , Marta Columbaro 4 , Barbara Dozza 5 , Marco Ballestri 3 , Andrea Guerrini 3 , Giovanna Sotgiu 3 , Tommaso Frisoni 5, 6 , Luca Cevolani 6 , Greta Varchi 3 , Mauro Ferrari 2, 7, 8 , Davide Maria Donati 1, 5, 6 , Enrico Lucarelli 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm that still suffers from poor prognosis in the case of distal metastases or occurrence of multi-drug resistance. It is therefore crucial to find novel therapeutic options able to go beyond these limitations and improve patients' survival. The objective of this study is to exploit the intrinsic properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to migrate and infiltrate the tumor stroma to specifically deliver therapeutic agents directly to cancer cells. In particular, we aimed to test the efficacy of the photoactivation of MSCs loaded with nanoparticles in vitro and in a murine in vivo ectopic osteosarcoma model. METHODS AlPcS4@FNPs were produced by adding tetra-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS4) to an aqueous solution of positively charged poly-methyl methacrylate core-shell fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs). The photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect is achieved by activation of the photosensitizer AlPcS4 in the near-infrared light with an LED source. Human MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of five donors to account for inter-patients variability and used in this study after being evaluated for their clonogenicity, multipotency and immunophenotypic profile. MSC lines were then tested for the ability to internalize and retain the nanoparticles, along with their migratory properties in vitro. Photoactivation effect was evaluated both in a monolayer (2D) co-culture of AlPcS4@FNPs loaded MSCs with human OS cells (SaOS-2) and in tridimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids (AlPcS4@FNPs loaded MSCs with human OS cells, MG-63). Cell death was assessed by AnnexinV/PI and Live&Dead CalceinAM/EthD staining in 2D, while in the 3D co-culture, the cell killing effect was measured through ATP content, CalceinAM/EthD staining and TEM imaging. We also evaluated the effectiveness of AlPcS4@FNPs loaded MSCs as delivery systems and the ability of the photodynamic treatment to kill cancer cells in a subcutaneous mouse model of OS by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and histology. RESULTS MSCs internalized AlPcS4@FNPs without losing or altering their motility and viability in vitro. Photoactivation of AlPcS4@FNPs loaded MSCs induced high level of OS cells death in the 2D co-culture. Similarly, in the 3D co-culture (MSCs:OS ratios 1:1 or 1:3), a substantial decrease of both MSCs and OS cells viability was observed. Notably, when increasing the MSCs:OS ratio to 1:7, photoactivation still caused more than 40% cells death. When tested in an in vivo ectopic OS model, AlPcS4@FNPs loaded MSCs were able to decrease OS growth by 68% after two cycles of photoactivation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that MSCs can deliver functional photosensitizer-decorated nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo and inhibit OS tumor growth. MSCs may be an effective platform for the targeted delivery of therapeutic nanodrugs in a clinical scenario, alone or in combination with other osteosarcoma treatment modalities.

中文翻译:

间充质基质细胞介导的光敏纳米颗粒的递送在体外和在鼠体内异位模型中抑制骨肉瘤的生长。

背景技术骨肉瘤(OS)是一种侵袭性恶性肿瘤,在远端转移或发生多药耐药的情况下,其预后仍然较差。因此,至关重要的是找到能够超越这些局限性并提高患者生存率的新型治疗选择。这项研究的目的是利用间充质基质细胞(MSC)的内在特性来迁移和浸润肿瘤基质,从而将治疗剂直接直接递送至癌细胞。特别地,我们旨在测试在体外和在鼠体内异位骨肉瘤模型中负载有纳米颗粒的MSCs光活化的功效。方法通过将四磺化酞菁铝(AlPcS4)添加到带正电的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯核壳荧光纳米粒子(FNP)的水溶液中来制备AlPcS4 @ FNP。通过用LED源激活近红外光中的光敏剂AlPcS4,可以达到光动力疗法(PDT)的效果。从五个供体的骨髓中分离出人类MSC,以说明患者之间的差异,并在对其克隆形成性,多能性和免疫表型特征进行评估后,将其用于本研究。然后测试MSC系的内在和保留纳米粒子的能力,以及它们在体外的迁移特性。在具有人OS细胞(SaOS-2)的AlPcS4 @ FNPs MSC的单层(2D)共培养中和在具有人OS细胞的三维(3D)多细胞球体(AlPcS4 @ FNPs MSC)中评估了光激活作用63)。通过AnnexinV / PI和Live&Dead CalceinAM / EthD染色以2D评估细胞死亡,而在3D共培养中,通过ATP含量,CalceinAM / EthD染色和TEM成像测量细胞杀伤作用。我们还通过生物发光成像(BLI)和组织学评估了AlPcS4 @ FNPs MSC作为递送系统的有效性以及光动力学治疗杀死OS皮下小鼠模型中癌细胞的能力。结果MSCs内化了AlPcS4 @ FNP,而没有在体外丧失或改变其运动性和生存力。载有AlPcS4 @ FNP的MSC的光活化在2D共培养中诱导高水平的OS细胞死亡。同样,在3D共培养(MSC:OS比例为1:1或1:3)中,观察到MSC和OS细胞的活力均大大降低。值得注意的是,当将MSCs:OS比例提高到1:7时,光激活仍然会导致40%以上的细胞死亡。当在体内异位OS模型中进行测试时,经过两个光激活周期后,装载AlPcS4 @ FNP的MSC能够将OS生长降低68%。结论我们的发现表明,MSCs可以在体内和体外递送装饰有光敏剂的纳米颗粒,并抑制OS肿瘤的生长。MSC可能是单独或与其他骨肉瘤治疗方式结合使用的在临床情况下靶向递送治疗性纳米药物的有效平台。同样,在3D共培养(MSC:OS比例为1:1或1:3)中,观察到MSC和OS细胞的活力均大大降低。值得注意的是,当将MSCs:OS比例提高到1:7时,光激活仍然会导致40%以上的细胞死亡。当在体内异位OS模型中进行测试时,经过两个光激活周期后,装载AlPcS4 @ FNP的MSC能够将OS生长降低68%。结论我们的发现表明,MSCs可以在体内和体外递送装饰有光敏剂的纳米颗粒,并抑制OS肿瘤的生长。MSC可能是单独或与其他骨肉瘤治疗方式结合使用的在临床情况下靶向递送治疗性纳米药物的有效平台。同样,在3D共培养(MSC:OS比例为1:1或1:3)中,观察到MSC和OS细胞的活力均大大降低。值得注意的是,当将MSCs:OS比例提高到1:7时,光激活仍然会导致40%以上的细胞死亡。当在体内异位OS模型中进行测试时,经过两个光激活周期后,装载AlPcS4 @ FNP的MSC能够将OS生长降低68%。结论我们的发现表明,MSCs可以在体内和体外递送装饰有光敏剂的纳米颗粒,并抑制OS肿瘤的生长。MSC可能是单独或与其他骨肉瘤治疗方式结合使用的在临床情况下靶向递送治疗性纳米药物的有效平台。值得注意的是,当将MSCs:OS比例提高到1:7时,光激活仍然会导致40%以上的细胞死亡。当在体内异位OS模型中进行测试时,经过两个光激活周期后,装载AlPcS4 @ FNP的MSC能够将OS生长降低68%。结论我们的发现表明,MSCs可以在体内和体外递送装饰有光敏剂的纳米颗粒,并抑制OS肿瘤的生长。MSC可能是单独或与其他骨肉瘤治疗方式结合使用的在临床情况下靶向递送治疗性纳米药物的有效平台。值得注意的是,当将MSCs:OS比例提高到1:7时,光激活仍然会导致40%以上的细胞死亡。当在体内异位OS模型中进行测试时,经过两个光激活周期后,装载AlPcS4 @ FNP的MSC能够将OS生长降低68%。结论我们的发现表明,MSCs可以在体内和体外递送装饰有光敏剂的纳米颗粒,并抑制OS肿瘤的生长。MSC可能是单独或与其他骨肉瘤治疗方式结合使用的在临床情况下靶向递送治疗性纳米药物的有效平台。结论我们的发现表明,MSCs可以在体内和体外递送装饰有光敏剂的纳米颗粒,并抑制OS肿瘤的生长。MSC可能是单独或与其他骨肉瘤治疗方式结合使用的在临床情况下靶向递送治疗性纳米药物的有效平台。结论我们的发现表明,MSCs可以在体内和体外递送装饰有功能光敏剂的纳米颗粒,并抑制OS肿瘤的生长。MSC可能是单独或与其他骨肉瘤治疗方式结合使用的在临床情况下靶向递送治疗性纳米药物的有效平台。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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